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The paper presents a review of dioecious forms of Cestoidea. The nature of their dioecism and the degree of its display are analysed. The phenomenon is regarded in conformity with individual groups of cestodes.

Ultrastructure of mature eggs of the cestode F. fasciolaris was studied. Cytomorphological differences have made it possible to determine three types of glandular formations. Cells of type I (glands of penetration) representing a symplast are directly connected by their processes with embryonic tegument, a cytoplasmic layer enveloping oncosphere. Hystochemically acid mucopolysaccharides are secretion of these glands. Ending of cell's processes of glands of type II form "dense contacts" with the inner surface of embryonic tegument. Functional interrelation of these types of glandular formations and functional significance of the product secreted by them are discussed. "Secretory" cells (type III) are first discussed. The connection of their numerous processes with muscular elements has been noted. A regulating effect of these cells on the muscular activity of oncosphere is suggested.

The invertase ferment closely connected with membranes of tegument of cestodes was first found alongside with ferments (α-amylase, alkaline phosphatase) capable of adsorbing from chyme of the host's intestine. The desorption dynamics of ferments participating in the membranous digestion from the surface of helminths is close to that of fishes that suggests a certain similarity in a structural-functional organisation of their digestive-transport surface. Differences were found in the activity rates of summary carbohydrases in various parts of the cestode's strobile. A higher activity of maltases and oligosaccharidases group in the middle part points to its trophic importance that is in good agreement with the data on its ultrastructure. It has been established that the fermentative apparatus of cestodes is adapted to food contents of their hosts. The obtained data show that there is parallel phylogenetic dissociation between the ferments of cestodes and their hosts, fishes.

A description is given of ultrastructure of glycogencontaining cells found in the caudal appendage of metacestodes (in 5 species of 8 studied) of the genus Aploparaksis Clerk, 1903: typical diplocyst A. groenlandica, A. bulbocirrus, A. xemae, floricercus A. birulae and automicercus A. diagonalis; in typical diplocysts A. furcigera, A. polystictae and tailed diplocyst A. filum such cells were not found. These cells are differentiated from elements limiting the primary cavity and in mature cysticercoids degenerate.

Distinct dimorphism is inherent in the nematode Simondsia paradoxa. The male is small in size, its body is cylindrical which is typical of nematodes. The female is large with a very large spherical expansion in the middle part of the body. This difference in the female and male structure is due to their different localization. Male lives in the lumen of the stomach, female — in the thick stomach wall. The present paper gives the original morphological description of a female, besides some characteristics in the structure of this parasite have been revealed allowing the authors to outline the probable types of the parasite nutrition. The authors believe that along with digestive organs the covering tissues through which important substances enter the female body also take part in nutrition of the female.

By means of radioisotopic methods studies were conducted of the absorption of 14 amino acids from the cultural medium by entomonematodes of N. glaseri during their development. The absorption of amino acids by neoaplectans is an active process which correlates with the developmental cycle of nematodes. The greatest consumption of amino acids is observed within the first five hours of cultivation and during the period of intensive growth and attaining sexual maturity. Within 216 hours of cultivation the amount of most amino acids in the medium fell almost by 50%; glutaminic acid, serine+threonine, leucine, lysine and isoleucine were consumed most intensively. According to the decrease in the consumption rate other amino acids can be arranged in the following succession: proline, valine, phenylalanine, arginine, glycine. During their development nematodes excrete asparaginic acid, alanine, and to a lesser extent proline, which apparently are end products of nitrogenous metabolism of these helminths.

21 species of bloodsucking midges were recorded from the Kishert region of the Perm district. During the period of investigation the group obsoletus was most abundant, then the group pulicaris and fascipennis. There was noted a poor adaptation of midges to different biotopes and high ecological plasticity of mass species. Specific composition of midges attacking man and domestic animals is more diverse as compared to species attacking birds. Food specialisation is more distinct in ornithophilous species.

The population from Kirghisia (the Tokailu river) does not differ from others by the variability rate of its morphological characters but its karyotypical characters (homozygous inversion in chromosome III and additional B-chromosomes) suggest a genetic isolation of this population in the system of the species.

By means of radioactive labelling and mechanical marking of fleas of X. g. minax it was established that they have four generations a year.

102 jackals caught in the region of the Middle Syrdarja in 1970—1974 were examined. Data on their specific composition, extensity and intensity of infection with mites (2 species), fleas (4) and helminths (13) are given. The effect of parasites on the reproduction, moulting and fatness of jackals is discussed.

The infection of the moth Yponomeuta evonimella with Nosema yponomeutae, Purrini, 1977 was recorded in the Leningrad region. The infection rate of the last instar caterpillars amounted to 17.8%. Microsporidians infected first of all the cells of intestine and fat body, more seldom Malpighian tubes, trachea and muscles. Live spores of the parasite are elongated-oval, 4.0—5.2 x 1.6—1.9. It is the second finding of N. yponomeutae after its first description.

A new species of cestodes of the family Amphicotylidae is described, a new genus Pachybothrium gen. n. and a new subfamily Pachybothriinae subfam. n. are erected. Cestodes were found in the intestine of Mola ramsayi from the South Pacific; the new genus differs from other genera of the family by a double set of genitalia in the proglottits and by other characters. An enlarged diagnosis of the family Amphicotylidae and brief diagnoses of the subfamilies of this family are given.

The species T. nelsoni is isolated from Lithuanian wild boar (Sus scrofa). The diagnosis is based on the following data: Trichinella are normally crossed yielding fertile progeny only with T. nelsoni; crossing with T. spiralis yields very few hybrid larvae which do not breed, either due to the lack of males or because of their sterility; are not crossed with T. natiua; studied Trichinella are poorly adapted to wild boar, in muscles of which larvae died; larvae are sensitive to low temperature. The species is genetically identical to T. nelsoni isolated from South African spotted hyena.

A description and figures of a new species, Pentagonaspis aravani sp. n., from bats of Barbastella leucomeles collected in Kirghizia in the vicinity of Aravan of the Osh district are given. The species is close to P. trajani (Dusbabek, 1964) from Bulgaria.

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