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Modifications of smooth muscular system of the attachment apparatus in 5 cestode species from different taxonomic groups have been studied and compared. Ultrastructural peculiarities of each examined species are pointed out and described. High structural variability of smooth muscular cells in dependence upon functional loading in shown. It is suggested, that the observed diversity of different types of the smooth muscular system complication reflects a tendency of high modificational possibility of this tissue during the evolutionary processus.

The brain ganglion of the daughter redia of Philophthalmus rhionica is found to lie above the digestive tract. It has a horse-shoe shape. The upper part is turned to the anterior locomotory appendage, while its free ends go to the opposite side where there is situated the germ cavity connected with the birth pore. The ganglion of cercaria has similar shape. Based on above data, it is suggested, that the dorsal side of redia has locomotory appendages, while the birth pore is opened on the ventral side. These data disagree with nowdays opinion and require further study of various trematodes.

Polymorphism of the genome DNA in different development stages of trematodes by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal primers was investigated. Interspecific variation in Trichobilharzia ocellata (cercaria) was shown in samples from the Moscow area and some regions in Byelorussia (Naroch lake). Population groupments of T. ocellata are correlated with migration routes of subpopulation groupments of city populations of the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchus). The cercariae of T. ocellata from rather distant geographical isolates (Moscow and Naroch lake) differ by PCR-pattern in greater extent than groupments of cercariae within Moscow. These distant isolates are concidered to be members of separate populations. The cercariae of T. ocellata emitted from infected snails belonging to the differen species (Lymnaea auricularia, L. ovata, L. pusilla pusilla) and during definite period (6 days with 24 h analysis) do not differ by the PCR—patterns. T. ocellata cercariae emitted from L. auricularia in autumn period (from molluscs of the new generation in "new" summer infection) are found to be different significantly from the "spring" cercariae of the same year and the "autumn" ones of the previous year. The study of the experimentally reproduced life cycle of Opisthorcis felineus revealed an essential difference of cercariae genome DNA from that in other development stages. This indicates, that genetic reorganisation in the genome of products of parthenogenetic development took place in the partenita stage.

This investigation restores a validity of the cestode species Wardium fryei Mayhew, 1925. It includes a redescription of the holotype ("cotype") of W. fryei described from a gull Larus glaucensis from the Saint Juan county, Washington, as the type species of a new genus Wardium. It seems, that this finding of Mayhew was a single finding of this species since its original description. Invalidation of the genus Wardium was made by Meggit (1927), who considered this genus as a synonim of Hymenolepis. Later, Baer (1956) placed W. fryei in a synonim of Taenia (=Hymenolepis) fusus Krabbe, 1869. A validity of the genus Wardium was restored by Spassky and Spasskaya (1954), but Spassky (1968) following Baer considered H. fusus as a type species of the genus Wardium. During the study of the type of W. fryei it was found out, that it is morphologically identical to species H. clavicirrus Yamaguti, 1940 (the well-known parasite of gulls) and H. arguei Pomeroy et Burt, 1964. These species are considered as junior synonims of W. fryei. Appearance of these descriptions was apparently a result of errors in original description of W. fryei, the rostellar hooks are actually 0.022—0.0256 mm in length, but not 0.017—0.019 mm. Reexamination of the type specimens of Taenia fusus (ex parte) from L. hyperboreus from Greenland and paratype of H. californicus Young, 1950 from L. californicus from North America determines, that W. fryei is not a synonim of these species. We suggest, that Krabbe's specimens may be conspecific to the species H. arktowskii Jarecka et Ostas, 1984, described from L. dominicanus from Antarctic. As the true species H. fusus (Krabbe) we consider the cestodes described by Krabbe from L. ridibundus from Germany, the common parasites of this bird. Data on the morphology of the adult stage of W. fryei (karyotype 2n = 12) list of difinitive (Laridae) and intermediate hosts (two species of nereids Polychaeta) and a type of morphological modifications of the cysticercoid, which contains characters of both taled diplocyst and staphilocyst, are given. W. fryei is a cestode species, which postembrional development includes proloferation of bulbs on a tail of metacestode and possible asexual multiplication.

12 helminth species and larval forms belonged to classes Cestoda, Trematoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala were found in a squid Sthenoteuthis pteropus from open waters of the tropical Atlantic. Data on morphology of helmints, regularities of length-age-related variability of the helminth fauna, and its peculiarities in different individual population groups of squids are presented.

Foragers of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris and horseflies of the genus Hybomitra flew out of the start point disposed on the nest territory of the natural breeding colony of B. terrestris. The colony had the nest territory in the forest meadow, which was about 120 m in length and 80 m in width. Both bumblebees and horseflies demonstrated the flight trajectories to 5 areas situated at the border of the meadow. These areas were situated to the east (a. 1), south (a. 2), west (a. 3, 4) and north (a. 5) of the start point. The main characteristics of preferable routes to these areas were the gaps in three crowns or the lowest height of upper border line of crowns. The obtained results show that there is a similar functional mechanism of topographical visual flight orientation in insects examined.

Three types of sensilla were distinguished during scanning electron microscope investigations of the palpal sensory organ, one of the main organs in food suitability detection, in 8 species of mites belonging to the genera Gamasellus, Macrocheles, Euryparasitus, Eulaelaps, Myonyssus, Raillietia, Spinturnix, and Pneumonyssus. Two types (A and B) are chemo-mechanoreceptor single-walled and double-walled sensilla (SW-UP and DW-UP) and one type (M) is represented by mechanoreceptor (NP) sensilla. It is shown, that no type of feeding influences the structure of palpal organ, whereas a character of host-parasite relationship (transition to constant parasitism and parasitism in cavities of inner organs) leads to oligomerization and reduction of chemoreceptor sensilla.

A specificity of distribution of the microsporidia Parathelohania sp. in a natural population of Anopheles messeae and in those, which survived after the treatment by subspecies Bacillus thuringiensis tukuokaensis, B. t. darmstadiensis and B. t. kyushuensis (pathotype B), were observed. The microsporidia Parathelohania sp. affected males and it did not show a genotypic specificity in control, but it had a genotypic specificity after the B. thuringiensis subspecies treatment.

After the carried out examination of different animals belonging to four phylums, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthopoda, and Chordata, the blastocysts were detected within three phylums, Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata. Within the phylum Annelida the blastocysts were found in Hirudinea, within the phylum Arthropoda — in Insecta, within the phylum Chordata — in Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.

Two new species of eimeriids of the genus Isospora are described from the blue tit Parus caeruleus (Passeriformes: Paridae). Both species were found in birds from the Kurish spit (Baltic Sea, 55° 12' N, 20° 46' E). Isospora pari sp.n. has round or oval oocysts, 25.6—29.7 x 28.3—32.4 mkm (average 27 x 29.3). The cyst wall is without micropile. A polar garnule appears, but no oocyst residium. The sporocysts 9.3—11.9 x 15.9—18.6 mkm, bear a knob-like Stieda body with a plug-like structure, contain elongated sporozoites, but no residium. I. caerulei sp.n. has round oocysts 22.6—25 mkm (average 23.9) in diameter, without micropile and oocyst residium. Oocyst contains a polar granule and two piriform sporocysts 13.3 x 15.9 mkm. Sporozoites 2.1 x 10.6 mkm, sporocyst residium is absent.

Summary is absent.

Summary is absent.

Summary is absent.