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Russian terms commonly used in publications dealing with descriptions of habitats, populations and communities of parasitic animals and respective synonims or similar concepts in English scientific papers are listed below. Биотоп (biotope) — a land or aquatic area with uniform abiotic conditions occupied with certain biocoenosis. Биоценоз (biocoenosis, community) — a community of organisms related by direct or indirect interactions and distributed within certain boitope. Гемипопуляция (hemipopulation) — certain independent part of parasite population, stage or instar of life cycle, each being disabled to rehabilitate if separated. Консорция (consortium) — an aggregate of organisms around the host, host burrow or nest. Локализация паразита (site, location) — areas of parasite findings in a host organism. Макросообщество (component parasite community) — an aggregate of all parasite species in the population of host. Макропопуляция (component population) — an aggregate of all local populations of the population of certain parasite species. Местообитание (habitat) — in relation to parasites, it includes body parts, internal organs, tissues and certain cell types of hosts, where the parasite usually occurs. Микробиотоп (microbiotope) — a part of biotope (host organism, burrow, nest), which supports an existence of parasite or nidicole populations. Микробиоценоз (microbiocoenosis) — an aggregate of micropopulations occupying host organisms, their burrows and nests. Микросообщество (infracommunity) — an aggregate of all parasites in single host specimen. Микропопуляция (infrapopulation) — an aggregate of all individuals of one parasite species inside or on single host specimen. Паразитарная система (host-parasite system) — a parasite population together with all populations of its hosts. Паразитофауна вида (parasite fauna) — all parasites species living in or on certain host species. Паразитоценоз (parasitocoenosis, infracommunitу, community) — an aggregate of individuals of all parasite species living in or on one specimens of certain parasite species. Природный очаг инфекции (natural focus of infection) — a variant of host-parasite system with an infection agent of human disease as an obligatory component. Сообщество (community) — an aggregate of individuals, populations or species of parasites in certain host and in certain time period. Среда обитания (environment) — an aggregate of special abiotic and biotic conditions, where an individual, population or species lives. Среда I порядка (direct environment of parasite, host) — an aggregate of living conditions in the habitat of parasite. Среда II порядка (indirect environment of parasite, host' s environment) — environment conditions in the habitat of host. Суперпопуляция (superpopulation) — an aggregate of all individuals of one parasite species without any relations to its instars within the ecosystem. Суперсообщество (compound community) — an aggregate of component populations of all parasite species and their free-living instars in the ecosystem. Экологическая ниша (ecological niche) — it includes a habitat of parasite, its location and role in a parasite community. Экосистема (ecosystem) — an aggregate of living organisms and their life conditions being in interaction.

A division of the Primosky Kray into districts in relation to the tick-borne encephalitis was based on three criteria: long-term dynamics of infection, chorological structure of ixodid tick populations and probability of this or that clinical form of infection.

Five new species of the family Simuliidae Stegopterna byrrangii Yankovsky, sp. n. and Cnephia chaurensis Yankovsky sp. n., from Taimyr peninsula, Metacnephia olyutorii Yankovsky sp. n. from Kamchatka, Metacnephia karakechensis Yankovsky sp. n. and Montisimulium sonkulense Yankovsky sp. n. from Kirghizia, are described. Stegopterna byrrangii differs from related species: in male — from all known species of the genus by peculiar form of apical end of gonostyles, when apical spine is approximately parallel to inner surface of gonostyle; in female — from all known species of the genus by very long genital lobes (their length twice more than width), from S. longicoxa Rubzov, 1971 and S. duodecimata (Rubzov, 1940) by long stem of genital fork, absence of anterolateral sclerotized projections of branches of genital fork; in pupa — from all known species of the genus by number of filaments of respiratory organ (14—16, when in other species no more than 12). Cnephia chaurensis differs from related species: in male — from C. intermedia Rubzov, 1956 and C. toptchievi Yankovsky, 1996 by absence of medial projection or ridge of gonosternum, from C. intermedia by widened body of gonosternum, from C. toptchievi by ridge on gonocoxites and wide triangular projections near base of arms of gonosternum; in female — from C. intermedia by sclerotized finger-like anterolateral projections of branches of genital fork, subdivision of branches into two lobes, wide flat apical end of stem of genital fork. Metacnephia karakechensis differs from related species: in male — from M. subalpina (Rubzov, 1956) by form of gonostyles, absence of triangular medial projection of gonosternum, short widened gonofurca and more number of spines in parameres, from M. kirjanovae (Rubzov, 1956) and M. slepjani (Rubzov, 1967) by triangular body of gonosternum, widened gonostyles, more number of spines in parameres; in larva — from M. subalpina by more number of rays of primary fan of premandibles, less number of ridges of hooks in posterior attachment organ, from M. kirjanovae by short thick antennae; in pupa — from M. subalpina by character of divergention of upper thick filaments of respiratory organ, from M. kirjanovae by presence of thick filaments of the organ. Metacnephia olyutorii differs from related species: in female — from M. larunae Worobez, 1984 and M. aldanica Worobez, 1987 by thick sclerotized anterolateral projections of branches of genital fork, from M. taimyrica Patrusheva, 1976 by 1-ended (not 3-ended) anterolateral projections of branches of genital fork, large (not shortened) anal lobes, from M. crassifistula (Rubzov, 1956) by very long stem of genital fork. Montisimulium sonkulense differs from related species: in male — from M. brachystylum (Rubzov, 1976) by more prolonged gonostyles, less number of spines of parameres, from M. ocreastylum (Rubzov, 1956) by form of gonostyles, from M. odontostylum (Rubzov, 1947) by more number of spines of parameres; in female — from M. brachystylum and M. odontostylum by stricktly developed posteromedial projections of branches of genital fork, from species having posteromedical projections of branches of genital fork — from M. asulcatum (Rubzov, 1956) by absence of sclerotized anterolateral projections of branches of genital fork, by longer genital lobes, from M. sytshevskiae (Rubzov, 1967) by longer stem and by different form of branches (subdivided into two lobes) of genital fork; in larva — from M. ocreastylum and M. brachystylum by morphology of apical end of mandibles, from M. asulcatum by number of rays of primary and secondary fans of premandibles; in pupa — from M. asulcatum and M. odontostylum by number of filaments of respiratory organ, from M. brachystylum and M. ocreastylum by character of basal stems of respiratory organ.

Annual dynamics and distribution of three Orthonectida species — Intoshia variabili, I. linei, Rhopalura littoralis — have been studied in the invertebrates in the White and Barentz Seas. Throughout years of observations Orthonectids show high stability, constant percent of infection and permanent location of the same spots. Mosaic pattern of their distribution has been revealed. Possible causes of difficulties in finding Orthonectids in nature are discussed.

The immunofluorescence analysis of Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) antigens in the body of Opisthorchis felineus (OF) helminths was carried out. It was found that EBV antigens located in eggs of helminth. Adding of OF antigens and/or EBV to the lymphocyte human cultures of healthy donors can induce a cytogenetic damage in cells. A role of EBV location in opisthorchis eggs in chromosome damage and cancer development is discussed.

The effect of the ammonium nitrate (concentrations 2000, 4000, 6000 mg/1) on the content of urea, urea nitrogen and residual nitrogen in the haemolymph of normal Planorbarius purpura and in trematode-infected individuals. It is shown, that stimulation of methabolic processes is more expressed in uninfected specimens, while the trematode-infected ones, the protective process is strained. When the toxin concentration reaches 6000 mg/1, the trematode infected specimens enter the phase of depression with 3.73% hyponitrogen level.

Microsporidians (M) are supposed to be ancient eukaryotic parasites with a broad range of animal hosts, being especially abundant in Arthropoda. They are supposed to pass a long way of adaptation to parasitism, that usually means inhibiting or avoiding host immune reactions alongside with the reduction of pathogenicity. However M, unlike other eukaryotic obligate parasites, preserved a high pathogenicity, comparable with one of viruses, and thus they could be expected to possess a unique mode of interactions with their hosts. The goal of the present work is to assess how M influence the cellular immune response of an insect host. Experiments were performed on the host-parasite system Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) — Nosema grylli (Microsporidia, Nosematidae); coccidia Adelina grylli — infected crickets were used to compare the host cellular response against two pathogens. Haemocytes (H) were observed using phase contrast and electron microscope. H smears were stained for a phenoloxidase (PO), esterase activities and «respiratory burst» reaction. Five H type can be distinguished in the cricket haemolymph. (1) Prohaemocytes, relatively small (13—30 µm) cells with large nuclei, are observed both in control and infected insects. (2) Plasmatocytes, round (30—35µm in diameter) or fusiod (40—63 x 13—38 µm) cells, can hardly be distinguished from (1) ultrastructurally; during the coccidian infection of the cricket fat body these H infiltrate the infected organ and turn into amebocytes with laciniate nuclei, they usually contain electron dense granules, that release during the formation of a capsule around the coccidian oocytes. (3) Granulocytes (Gr, 20—33 µm in diameter) are cells with the extremely refractive cytoplasm when observed in phase contrast microscope, they contain vacuoles with typical crystal needle-like inclusions. The transitional forms between the mentioned above three cell types can be observed. The next two H types also observed on H monolayers are supposed to be the specialized forms of Gr: (4) coagulocytes, cells with the fragile cytoplasm that are easily disintegrated after a contact with a pathogen; they have been described in Orthoptera for the first time now; (5) shperulocytes, giant cells filled with electron lucid granules and small, often eccentrically located nucleus. Both H types were observed only after infection with A. gryllus in the vicinity of encapsulated oocysts. Infection with M does not cause such intensive concentration of haemocytes near the infected organ, or so abundant nodule formation, until the acute stage of the disease when M spores are liberated from the destroyed cells and contact the insect haemolymph. Thereafter, the number of granulocytes significantly increases. In the presence of M spores, haemocytes produce long cytoplasm protrusions and form clapms. Some spores adhere to the haemocyte surface and are phagocytized. Giant round cells loaded with spores, can be observed in the host lymph. They are surrounded by a sheath composed of flattened cells and resemble xenomas, described for fish microsporidiosis. A. grylli caused the increase in the quote of PO-positively stained cells up to 80% from 40—50% in control, that well corresponds to the host immune reactions activation and melanization of infected tissue, while microsporidiosis significantly reduced quote of PO+ cells. Carboxyl esterase activity expressed as quote of positively stained cells was 40—60% in naive and coccidia-parasitized samples, M decrease this number to 10—20%. "Respiratory burst" reaction, detected by reducing of NBT, did not alter significantly in microsporidia-infected insects. From the presented data in can be concluded: 1) M do not suppress such cellular reactions as a clamp formation and phagocytosis of spores, liberated from the infected tissue; 2) at the same time they suppress activities of enzymes involved in immune response. Supported by CFP "INTEGRACIA" N K-0955 and RFBR N 97-04-43383.

Two microsporidians of the genus Amblyospora from mosquito larvae of Aedes and Culex were studied in Tomsk region (Siberia). Peculiarities of the sporogony and the meiospore ultrastructure were studied by light and electron microscopy. The meiospores of A. caspius sp. n. from Aedes caspius and Ae. communis measured on smears, were c. 4.8 x 3.6 µm in size. A polar filament was anisofilar with 5 wide (290 nm) and 9 narrow (190 nm) coils arranged in a single layer. A polaroplast of both species was composed of two parts: anterior lamellae and posterior fibrillae. Meiospores of A. burlaki sp. n. from Culex pipiens measured c. 4.8 x 3.5µm. A polar filament was anisofilar with 3 wide (260 nm) and 6 narrow (110 nm) coils. The meiospore of this species had a 260 nm thick multilayered exospore.

The checklist of the European Russia Culicidae is presented for the first time in Russian literature. It includes 64 species. The distribution in Russia of 4 from 64 listed species (Culiseta fumipennis, Aedes rusticus, Ae. cretinus, Ae. aegypti) is doubtful. The classification and valid species names are listed according to the Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World (Knight, Stone, 1977) and its supplements (Knight, 1978; Ward, 1984, 1992; Gaffigan, Ward, 1985), with the exceptions of 4 species. These species (Aedes duplex, Ae. pulchritarsis, Ae. rossicus, Ae. schtakelbergi) are regarded in comments to the checklist.

Two new myxosporidian species found in fishes from the Komissarovka river (Khanka lake basin) are described: Myxobolus chankaensis sp. n. from Nemachilus barbatulatus toni and M. oxycephali sp. n. from Phoxinus lagowskii oxycephalus.

The gordia worm collected in July 1885 in the Gussevski pond on the Lugovka river, 30 km from Minussinsk, Siberia and identified as "Parachordodes kashgaricus Camerano, 1897" is described as a new species, Chordodes sajanensis sp. n.

The report contains the results of faunistic study of parasitic cestodes occurring in fishes in the S. Dvina, Mezen' and Pechyora river basins. 26 cestode species have been recorded in the region explored. The cestode fauna in the first basin is represented by 19 species, in the second basin — 14, in the third basin — 18.

Some new data on the expansion, host-animals, biology and morphology of different developmental stages of the trematode Exorchis oviformis in the southern Prymorye are given. It was revelated, that the first intermediate host of that species is Stenothyra (S.) recondita. Different species of freshwater fishes play a role of a second intermediate host. The definitive host of E. oviformis is a bullhead (Parasilurus asotus).

Summary is absent.

Summary is absent.