Возможное будущее фауны остаточных водоемов Аральского моря

Ф. Миклин, Н.В. Аладин, И.С. Плотников и З.К. Ермаханов

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2016, 320(2): 221–244 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2016.320.2.221

Резюме

Аральское море – большое соленое терминальное озеро в Центральной Азии. Начиная с 1960 г. оно быстро высыхало и к сентябрю 2009 г. разделилось на четыре остаточных водоема. Максимальное снижение уровня превысило 26 м, площадь поверхности уменьшилась на 88%, а объем воды – на 92%. Соленость возросла более чем в 20 раз. Еще до современной регрессии Аральское море за последние 10 тысячелетий пережило ряд снижений уровня и его последующего восстановления. До 1960-х гг. основной причиной был периодический поворот Амударьи на запад в направлении Каспийского моря как по естественным причинам, так и в результате человеческой деятельности. Современная регрессия является результатом развития орошения. Она создала множество серьезных проблем. В обозримом будущем восстановление Арала в прежнем виде проблематично, если не невозможно, однако возможно частичное восстановление его отдельных участков. Завершенный в 2005 г. проект позволил повысить уровень Малого (северного) Аральского моря в дальнейшем снизить его соленость. В статье рассматриваются варианты дальнейшей реабилитации Малого моря и возможного восстановления некоторых частей Большого (южного) Арала.

Ключевые слова

Амударья, Аральское море, Сырдарья, соленость, терминальное озеро, фауна

Поступила в редакцию 28 апреля 2016 г. · Принята в печать 3 июня 2016 г. · Опубликована 24 июня 2016 г.

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