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The paper deals with the development of helminthology in the USSR for 50 years. In pre-revolutionary Russia helminthology did not exist as an independent science. Within the last 50 years it has turned into a complex science closely connected with public health, veterinary, and agricultural services. There are 6 principal stages in the development of helminthology: 1. organizational-propagandistic; 2. expeditional-faunistic, resulted in the creation of a number of monographs on trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephals; 3. the elaboration of the principles and standard methods of helminthological investigations; 4. the elaboration of the problems of experimental helminthology; 5. the coordination and planning of helminthological investigations; 6. the international solution of some problems of theoretical and applied helminthology.

The paper contains an account of the main principals of Academician Pavlovsky's theory of the natural foci of transmissible diseases on the example of Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne rickettsioses, tick-borne typhus, cutaneous leishmaniasis, tularemia, plague. A great role of this theory, for understanding epidemiology and epizootology of transmissible diseases and for their eradication is shown.

The author presents a survey of major results achieved in the years 1951 —1967 by Czechoslovak researchers in the investigations of natural foci of infections, in conformity with the theory formulated by E. N. Pavlovsky. Czechoslovakia is the first country which has started to study these problems with special regard to the existence of natural foci in the cultivated landscape. Nearly 1000 publications concerned withthe subject appeared in Czechoslovakia during the past 15 years of investigations. The author first gives a short chronological outline of expeditions and field work carried out in Czechoslovakia, then enumerates main expeditions in which Czechoslovak scientists participated abroad and names all symposia which took place in this country on the subject. In conclusion he briefly deals with the most important results achieved in the investigations of arboviroses, rickettsioses, tularemia, leptospiroses, toxoplasmosis, pneumocystosis, mycoses and helminthoses from this aspect.

Ecological parasitology started its development in the thirties. Its main aim is the study of the dependence of a parasite fauna on changes in the external environment of the host and on changes in the physiological state of the host itself (Dogiel, 1935) and the consideration of the host as the habitat of the parasite (Pavlovsky, 1934). On the basis of ecological-parasitological investigations V.A. Dogiel developed his theory of regularities in the changes of parasite faunas of animals affected by different biotic and abiotic factors. On the same grounds Academician E.N. Pavlovsky evolved his doctrine of nidality of transmissible diseases, and Academician K.I. Skrjabin — the theory of the eradication of helminths. A zoogeographical analysis of the distribution of the parasites and their hosts was carried out and a strong correlation between them was observed. The study of "parasite coenoses" as an organic part of biocoenoses, the hosts of which are their members, reveals biocoenotic relationships between the members of a parasitic complex, with the host, with the external environment and with other inhabitants of the environment. The activities of Dogiel's, Pavlovsky's and Skrjabin's schools gave birth to parasitology as a new science in our conntry and raised its theoretical and practical role to a high level.

A comparative study was undertaken of the efficiency of different mechanism in transmitting the tularemia agent to rodents through the tick Dermacentor marginatus. These microbes were found not to be transmitted by the salivary-biting way. The agent is shown to penetrate through the skin of a rodent, polluted with faeces of infested ticks, during their bloodsucking. The infestation of rodents may also take place in their occasional swallowing of ticks. However, the peroral transmission is far less effective.

Burrow biocoenosis of each species of rodents is characterized by a faunistic complex of gamasid mites consisting of members of various trophic levels: haematophages, entomophages, schizophages and euryphages. Gamasid mites are of different quantitative importance and have different periods of activity. Such biological variety leads to a comprehensive use of food resources in the burrow, to the reduction of interspecific competition resulting in the numerical superiority of gamasid mites over other arthropods from burrow biocoenoses.

Bloodsucking mosquitoes are a dominant component of the fauna of biting flies throughout Taimyr. The paper deals with the species composition, phenological observations, and types of habitats and larval associations in them. Data are given on the number of species, their activity in attacking man and reindeer, seasonal and daily activity of mosquitoes and on their spread over the body of a deer. Mass species are Aedes hexodontus Dyar and A. communis (De Geer); common, but occuring in small numbers, are — A. impiger (Walk.), A. punctor (Kirby), A. nigripes (Zett.), A. excrucians (Walk.) and Culiseta alaskaensis (Ludl.); rare species are — A. cinereus Meig., A. intrudens Dyar, A. pionips Dyar, A. pullatus (Coq.) and С. bergrothi (Edw.). The presence of A. diantaeus H. D. K. should be verified, using larvae or males.

The present paper is devoted to a description of a new species Moniezia (Blanchariezia) autumnalia sp. nov. found in sheep and cattle. Strobiles in this cestode are dense, white and narrow. Testes (247—366) are evenly arranged in hermaphrodite proglottes over the median area and behind female glands without extending beyond the anterior and lateral borders of the ovaries. Two complexes of the female sexual glands occupy the anterior half of the proglottis. Spermatheca is retort-shaped or pyriform. The last mature proglottes are as long as wide but often their length exceeds the width. The differential diagnosis of the species belonging to the genus Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 is given. The type and paratypes are preserved in the museum of the All-Union Helminthological Institute, Moscow.

The similarity in the antigenic structure of pleurocercoids and adult forms of Spirometra erfnacei have been revealed with the vid of precipitation reaction in gel. Water-salt extracts of strobiles, apart from the common components, contained additional ones differing from antigenes of pleurocercoids. Such phase specific antigenes complicate employing the immunological test in taxonomy; therefore when identificating the species, it is better to use helminths of the same phase of development. The presence of specific antigenes found during the whole ontogenesis, does not exclude, however, the use of immunological methods for exact, definition of parasites.

The paper contains an information about some records of Diplozoon nipponicum on the gills of carps in Siberia.

A mature parasitic larva of a female mermithid worm, obtained from adult Culicoides pulicaris in Kazakhstan differs from the mermithid larvae obtained from larvae of midges in Karelia; it is described herein under the name Agamomermis heleis Rubzov, sp. n. It differs from Agamomermis culicis Stiles in its smaller size, in the structure of the head, chords, tail, in having a very thin cuticle without visible punctation. Details of the structure of the new species are given in Fig. 1.

The method is suggested for a treatment of cestodes and trematodes fixed in formalin or in Barbagallo's liquid. This method has enabled us to obtain well stained total slides.

Experiments were carried out for determining the sensitivity of pure cultures of vaginal trichomonads and of cattle trichomonads to ultraviolet rays. It was concluded that Flagellata are highly sensitive to the ultraviolet irradiation. The data obtained have permitted the ultraviolet irradiation of the vagina to be employed for curing trichomonad colpitis.

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Summary is absent.