ДНК окружающей среды как инструмент изучения видового разнообразия и экологии птицТруды Зоологического института РАН, 2025, 329(2): 170–186 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2025.329.2.170 Резюме Птицы играют ключевую роль в функционировании большинства крупных экосистем планеты и являются важными объектами биомониторинга. Традиционные методы их изучения нередко имеют ограничения, особенно при исследовании редких, скрытных, мигрирующих видов или видов, обитающих в труднодоступных местах. Сложности с организацией полевых наблюдений, плохие погодные условия и разница в квалификации специалистов могут существенно искажать получаемые данные или даже делать их анализ невозможным. ДНК окружающей среды (экологическая ДНК, эДНК, environmental DNA, eDNA) – это неинвазивный и высокопроизводительный инструмент оценки биоразнообразия, который постепенно входит в практику экологических исследований по всему миру. Наиболее впечатляющие результаты его применения связаны с изучением ихтиофауны, однако в последние несколько лет анализ эДНК также стал использоваться в орнитологии. Тем не менее, целенаправленные исследования птиц с применением эДНК проводятся сравнительно редко, что связано с отсутствием достаточной апробации методик. Актуальные данные (по состоянию на начало 2025 г.) позволяют утверждать, что эДНК может стать ценным инструментом для изучения биоразнообразия и экологии птиц. Методы, основанные на анализе эДНК, уже доказали свою эффективность в обнаружении водоплавающих и околоводных птиц, а также видов, не связанных с водной средой, например птиц-опылителей. В данной статье представлен обзор применения метода эДНК для детекции птиц в различных экосистемах – от тропических лесов до полярных широт, включая как водные, так и наземные среды. Рассматриваются основные направления использования метода, такие как идентификация отдельных видов и оценка разнообразия авифауны. 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