Долговременные изменения качества воды и структуры сообществ донных животных в эстуарии р. Невы в условиях антропогенного воздействия

С.М. Голубков и Е.В. Балушкина

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2024, 328(1): 46–65 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.1.46

Резюме

В эстуарии р. Невы обнаружены 188 видов и надвидовых таксонов донных животных, из них 129 – в восточной части Финского залива. В настоящее время в сообществах зообентоса эстуария доминируют эврибионтные виды-индикаторы, населяющие «загрязненные» и «грязные» воды. Мы использовали интегральный показатель IP', специально разработанный для водоемов и рек северо-западной части России, для оценки качества воды и состояния экосистем эстуария р. Невы. Он основан на структурных характеристиках сообществ зообентоса и позволяет учитывать смешанное загрязнение токсичными и органическими веществами. В среднем качество вод Невской губы, оцениваемое по интегральному показателю (IP′), оставалось достаточно постоянным в течение 1994–2021 гг. В течение всего периода исследований, за исключением 2006 и 2015 гг., её воды оценивались как «загрязненные», что объясняется крупномасштабными дноуглубительными работами. За период 1982–2021 гг. среднее количество видов зообентоса на одной станции в Невской губе увеличилось почти в 2 раза, с 12±1 вид в 1982 г. до 23±2 вида в 2020 г. В курортном районе восточной части Финского залива значения видового богатства и индекса Шеннона были намного ниже, чем в Невской губе, и в среднем для одной станции варьировали от 5±0.6 до 14±4 видов и от 1.1±0.2 до 2.3±0.2 бит/экз. Эти низкие показатели видового разнообразия зообентоса обусловлены влиянием солености воды, интенсивным эвтрофированием и загрязнением вод, вселением чужеродных видов в сообщества зообентоса. Помимо интенсивного антропогенного воздействия, динамика состояния зообентоса в этой части эстуария определялась колебаниями климата.

Ключевые слова

антропогенное воздействие, биоиндикация, биоразнообразие, зообентос, качество воды, колебания климата, оценка

Поступила в редакцию 28 января 2023 г. · Принята в печать 4 июля 2023 г. · Опубликована 25 марта 2024 г.

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