Пресноводная популяция атлантического лосося (Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758) реки Свири (бассейн Ладожского озера): численность, структура и сохранение

И.Г. Мурза и О.Л. Христофоров

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2019, 323(4): 451–475 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2019.323.4.451

Резюме

До начала 1930-х годов пресноводная популяция атлантического лосося (Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758) реки Свири оставалась крупнейшей в бассейне Ладожского озера. Катастрофическое снижение её численности обусловлено утратой нерестилищ при гидростроительстве в главном русле реки и лесосплавом на основных притоках. Усилению негативной тенденции способствовали также чрезмерно интенсивный промысел в 1950-е годы и браконьерство. С 1933 г. популяция поддерживается Cвирским рыбоводным заводом. В ходе 30-летнего мониторинга определены размерные характеристики смолтов, нагульных особей и производителей, оценено состояние гонад у самцов и самок на разных этапах жизненного цикла. Описана «озимая» форма. Все производители лосося, отловленные под плотиной ГЭС за последние десятилетия, были заводского происхождения и принадлежали к тем же возрастным классам, что и в предшествующий период. Современные масштабы заводского разведения свирского лосося недостаточны для поддержания популяции. Она будет утрачена в ближайшие годы, если не расширить воспроизводство и не восстановить эффективную работу системы рыбоохраны.

Ключевые слова

Атлантический лосось, возрастные классы, выращивание до стадии смолта, гаметогенез, Ладожское озеро, меры для сохранения, обратное расчисление размеров рыб по чешуе, плотина гидроэлектростанции, пресноводная популяция, производители, река Свирь

Поступила в редакцию 9 октября 2019 г. · Принята в печать 20 ноября 2019 г. · Опубликована 26 декабря 2019 г.

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