Лошади и древние люди: зооархеологическое исследование Мухкая 2а

М.В. Саблин, Н.Д. Бурова и Е.А. Петрова

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2018, 322(3): 333–356 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.3.333

Резюме

В статье проводится зооархеологический анализ остатков лошади Стенона Equus (Allohippus) stenonis из местонахождения Мухкай 2а (слой 2, Центральный Дагестан, Россия). Они представляют особый интерес из-за своей многочисленности и могут свидетельствовать об одном из первых пребываний древнего человека на Северном Кавказе – около 1.95 млн. лет назад. В результате сравнения состава и соотношения костей лошади Стенона, особенностей их тафономии показано, что местонахождение является результатом естественной гибели животных. Предполагается, что основная масса костей залегала в отложениях некогда неглубокого периодически пересыхающего и сильно заиленного водоема со слабо текущей или стоячей водой. После полного пересыхания водоема палеонтологический материал оказался запечатанным в глинистой массе, которая, в свою очередь, была захоронена в ходе дальнейших геологических процессов. Исходя из этого, в статье предлагается возможный сценарий формирования данного костного скопления. Скорей всего, это было место водопоя различных животных, где часть из них гибла в силу естественных причин (например, увязала, тонула), кто-то становился добычей хищников. Позже происходило захоронение снесенных в водоем целых трупов или их частей. Очевидно, что тела недавно погибших животных не могли не привлекать к себе древнего человека, будучи легкодоступным источником белковой пищи. Нахождение артефактов и порезов древними каменными орудиями на бедренной кости лошади Стенона свидетельствует о присутствии в Мухкае 2а (слой 2) древнего человека, воздействие которого на формирование тафоценоза было минимальным.

Ключевые слова

зооархеологический анализ, лошадь Equus (Allohippus) stenonis, ранний палеолит, Северный Кавказ

Поступила в редакцию 2 июня 2018 г. · Принята в печать 29 августа 2018 г. · Опубликована 26 сентября 2018 г.

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