Позднеплейстоценовая лошадь Equus (Equus) ferus (Perissodactyla, Equidae) Прибайкалья и Забайкалья

Н.А. Пластеева и А.М. Клементьев

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2017, 321(2): 180–198 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2017.321.2.180

Резюме

В работе изучены ископаемые остатки настоящих лошадей (Equus (Equus)) из позднеплейстоценовых отложений Прибайкалья и Забайкалья. Исследованный материал датирован второй половиной позднего плейстоцена, от каргинского интерстадиала до позднеледниковья, и происходит из 34 местонахождений, расположенных на территории от Приангарья до западного Забайкалья. Всего были проанализированы 18 целых и фрагментарных верхних и нижних челюстей, 34 изолированных зуба, 37 пястных и 56 плюсневых костей лошадей. Сравнительный анализ размеров зубов и костей конечностей показал сходство позднеплейстоценовых лошадей Прибайкалья и Забайкалья с синхронными лошадьми других регионов Северной Евразии – юга Восточной Европы, Урала, Западной и Северо-Восточной Сибири. Установлено, что степень морфологических отличий между группами ископаемых лошадей ниже, чем от близкородственного вида, – лошади Пржевальского (Equus przewalskii). По результатам исследования костные остатки лошадей Прибайкалья и Забайкалья отнесены к одному виду – Equus ferus, который в позднем плейстоцене имел циркумполярное распространение. Вариации размеров элементов скелета между популяциями лошадей являются проявлением внутривидовой изменчивости E. ferus и отражают локальные адаптации животных к среде обитания. Эта изменчивость не затрагивала основные пропорции костей конечностей, которые в течение позднего плейстоцена изменялись незначительно. Лошадь Пржевальского морфологически отличается от ископаемых лошадей по пропорциям дистальных отделов конечностей. В исследуемом регионе в течение позднего плейстоцена лошадь Пржевальского постоянно не обитала. Ареал этого вида в позднем плейстоцене располагался за пределами Северной Азии.

Ключевые слова

Забайкалье, лошади, Прибайкалье, поздний плейстоцен, таксономия, Equus

Поступила в редакцию 27 сентября 2016 г. · Принята в печать 14 марта 2017 г. · Опубликована 26 июня 2017 г.

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