Автохтонное и аллохтонное органическое вещество в трофической цепи озерных экосистем

В.В. Бульон

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2017, 321(2): 115–128 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2017.321.2.115

Резюме

Представлены результаты анализа масс-балансовой модели, имитирующей биотический поток энергии в пелагиали великих озер России (Ладожского, Онежского и Байкала) и небольшого озера в северной части Карелии. Модель создана на базе программного пакета Stella и предназначена для прогнозирования годовой продукции фитопланктона, бактериопланктона и консументов разного порядка (нехищного и хищного зоопланктона, планктоноядных и хищных рыб). Входные (независимые) абиотические параметры модели: географическая широта, средняя глубина, содержание общего фосфора и цветность воды, обусловленная присутствием растворенных окрашенных веществ. Анализируется степень участия автохтонного и аллохтонного органического вещества в едином потоке энергии по пищевой цепи. Подчеркивается, что бактерии – важный компонент планктонного сообщества, связывающий растворенное органическое вещество (РОВ) с организмами трофической цепи. В полигумозных и олиготрофных озерах бореальной зоны, где дыхание планктона превышает первичную продукцию, аллохтонное РОВ, трансформированное в бактериальную продукцию, в значительной степени замещает продукцию фотосинтеза в питании консументов. Эффективность роста бактериопланктона (отношение продукции бактерий к количеству потребленной ими энергии) зависит от соотношения присутствующих в воде автохтонного и аллохтонного РОВ. Показано, что эффективность роста бактерий в озерах с высокой первичной продукцией выше, чем в олиготрофных водах, в которых доминирует аллохтонное РОВ. Обсуждается вклад органического вещества разного генезиса в продукцию гидробионтов в зависимости от содержания в воде общего фосфора и гуминовых веществ. Сделан вывод, что бактериопланктон, утилизируя аллохтонное РОВ, является дополнительным источником энергии для зоопланктона, который, в свою очередь, служит пищевым объектом для планктоноядных рыб. Следовательно, для прогнозирования общей биологической продуктивности и продукции рыбного сообщества следует учитывать продукцию не только автотрофного планктона, но и той части гетеротрофного бактериопланктона, которая специализируется на утилизации РОВ, поступающего в водоем извне.

Ключевые слова

биотические потоки энергии, моделирование, озера, прогноз биологической продуктивности, растворенное органическое вещество, факторы среды

Поступила в редакцию 23 января 2017 г. · Принята в печать 11 апреля 2017 г. · Опубликована 26 июня 2017 г.

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