Оценка качества воды и состояния водоемов разного типа по характеристикам сообществ донных животных

Е.В. Балушкина

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2016, 320(3): 262–279 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2016.320.3.262

Резюме

Исследования водоемов разного типа показали влияние эвтрофирования/ загрязнения токсическими и органическими веществами на структурные и функциональные характеристики зообентоса в водоемах разного типа. Одним из важнейших факторов, определяющих количественное развитие нехищного зообентоса в озерах, несомненно, является уровень развития первичных продуцентов. Особенно четко выражена зависимость биомассы зообентоса от первичной продукции в мелководных озерах. Анализ зависимости биомассы зообентоса от абиотических и биотических факторов в мелководных гипергалинных озерах Крыма показал, что наиболее значимыми параметрами, определяющими величины биомассы макрозообентоса, оказались соленость и первичная продукция, вторыми по значимости – концентрация кислорода и глубина. В глубоких озерах повышение первичной продукции или эвтрофикация озер не всегда приводит к увеличению биомассы зообентоса. Изменения структуры и количественных характеристик сообществ донных животных в эстуарии р. Невы происходят под воздействием сложной комбинации органического и токсического загрязнения. Для оценки качества воды и состояния экосистемы эстуария р. Невы мы использовали интегральный показатель IP' специально разработанный нами для водоемов и водотоков северо-запада России. Этот индекс основан на структурных характеристиках сообществ зообентоса и позволяет учитывать влияние загрязнения токсическими и органическими веществами. В среднем качество вод в Невской губе, судя по значениям IP', было относительно стабильным в течение периода 1982–2014 гг. Они оценивались как «загрязненные» за исключением нештатного 2006 г. («загрязненные–грязные»), обусловленного крупномасштабными дноуглубительными работами. Как результат более сильного загрязнения, видовое разнообразие донных животных в Курортном районе восточной части Финского залива ниже, чем в Невской губе.

Ключевые слова

антропогенное воздействие, эвтрофирование, соленость, состояние экосистем, оценка, зообентос, структура, функционирование

Поступила в редакцию 20 января 2016 г. · Принята в печать 10 июня 2016 г. · Опубликована 23 сентября 2016 г.

Литература

Alcorlo P., Baltanás A. and Montes C. 2001. Food-web structure in two shallow salt lakes in Los Monegros (NE Spain): energetic vs dynamic constraints. Hydrobiologia, 466: 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2934-5_28

Alimov A.F. 1982. The productivity of macrobenthic invertebrate communities in the inland waters of the USSR. Hydrobiol. Journ., 18(2): 7–18.

Alimov A.F. 1989. An introduction to production Hydrobiology. Leningrad. Gidrometeoizdat, Saint-Petersburg: 152 p.

Alimov A.F. 2000. Elements of aquatic ecosystem functioning theory. Nauka, Saint-Petersburg: 228 p.

Alimov A.F., Bogatov V.V. and Golubkov S.M. 2014. Production Hydrobiology. Nauka, Saint-Petersburg: 345 p.

Andronikova I.N. 1989. Structural and functional organization of lake ecosystems Zooplankton different trophic types. Abstract of doctoral dissertation of biological sciences. Limnology Institute RAS, Leningrad: 39 p.

Balushkina E.V. 1997a. The Use of the integrated index for water quality assessment by structural characteristics of benthic communities. The response of lake ecosystems to changes in biotic and abiotic conditions. Proceedings of ZIN RAS, 272: 228–265. [In Russian].

Balushkina E.V. 1997b. New Integrated Index for water quality evaluation based on structural charcteristics of zoobenthos. Proceedings of the Final Seminar of the Gulf of Finland Year 1996. Painopaikka: Oy Edita Ab, Helsinki: 177–202.

Balushkina E.V. 2009. Assessment of the Neva Estuary Ecosystem State on the Basis of Structural Characteristics of Benthic Animal Communities in 1994–2005. Inland Water Biology, 2(4): 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995082909040105

Balushkina E.V. and Golubkov S.M. 2015. Biodiversity of benthic animal communities and quality of waters in the Neva under antropogenic stress. Proceedings of the ZIN RAS, 319(2): 229–243. [In Russian].

Balushkina E.V. and Petrova N.A. 1989. Functioning of population of chironomids in the hypersalt lakes of the Crimea. Proceedings of the ZIN RAS, 205: 129–139. [In Russian].

Balushkina E.V., Golubkov S.M., Golubkov M.S. and Litvinchuk L.F. 2007. Structural-functional characteristics ecosystems of small salt lakes of the Crimea. Inland Water Biology, 2: 11–19. [In Russian].

Balushkina E.V., Golubkov S.M., Golubkov M.S., Litvinchuk L.F. and Shadrin N.V. 2009. The impact abiotic and biotic factors on the structural and functional organization of the salt lakes of Crimea. Journal of general biology, 70(6): 504–514. [In Russian].

Balushkina E.V. Golubkov S.M., Golubkov M.S. and Maksimov A.A. 2008a. The role of anthropogenic factors in the dynamics of zoobenthic communities. In: Alimov A.F., Golubkov S.M. (Eds.). Ecosystem of the Neva River estuary: biodiversity and ecological problems. KMC Press, Moscov: 356–371. [In Russian].

Balushkina E.V., Golubkov S.M., Ivanova M.B., Nikulina V.N., Umnov A.A. and Umnova L.P. 1997. Prediction of eutrofication consequences in lake Lekshmozero based on ecosystem functioning patterns. The response of lake ecosystems to changes in biotic and abiotic conditions. Proceedings of the ZIN RAS, 272: 228–265. [In Russian].

Balushkina E.V., Maksimov A.A. and Golubkov S.M. 2008b. Zoobenthos of the open waters of the Neva River estuary. In: A.F. Alimov and S.M. Golubkov (Eds.). Ecosystem of the Neva River estuary: biodiversity and ecological problems. KMC Press, Moscow: 156–184. [In Russian].

Balushkina E.V., Maksimov A.A. and S.M. Golubkov. 2012. The impact of anthropogenic factors on the biodiversity of benthic animal communities with reference to the Neva Estuary. In: Alimov A.F., Golubkov S.M. (Eds.). Dynamics of biodiversity and bioresources of the Inland waters. Nauka, Saint-Petersburg: 167–175. [In Russian].

Basova S.L., Kobeleva N.I., Leonova M.V. and Frumin G.T. 2002. Characterization of the state of the Neva Bay by hydrochemical indices in 2001. In: Golubev, D.A. and Sorokin, N.D. (Eds.). Environmental protection, nature management and providing ecological safety in Saint-Petersburg in 2001. Saint-Petersburg: 175–182. [In Russian].

Basova S.L., Rybalko A.E. and Fedorova N.K. 2006. Results of state monitoring of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland Carried out by the branches of the Russian hydrometeorological service and the Ministry of nature resources of the Russian Federation. VII International Environmental Forum “Baltic Sea Day”, Saint-Petersburg: 83–86.

Bouillon V.V. 1983. Primary production of plankton of inland waters. Proceedings of the ZIN RAS, 98: 150 p. [In Russian].

Bouillon V.V. 1994. Patterns of primary production in limnetic ecosystems. Nauka, Saint-Petersburg: 222 p. [In Russian].

Bouillon V.V., Anokhina L.E. and Arakelova E.S. 1989. Primary production of the hypersalt lakes of the Crimea. Proceedings of the ZIN AS of USSR, 205: 14–25. [In Russian].

Boulion V.V. and Golubkov M.S. 2005. Biological productivity of saline lakes in Crimea. Proceedings of ZIN RAS, 308: 13–20.

Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament of the Council of the 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy official journal L 327 22/12/2000: 1–73.

Federal law from 10.01.2002. № 7-FL “On Environmental Protection”. 31p.

Finogenova N.P., Golubkov S.M., Panov V.E., Balushkina E.V. and Pankratova V.Ya. 1987. Macrobenthos. Hydrobiological studies of the Neva Bay. Proceedings of the ZIN RAS, 151: 111–121. [In Russian].

Finogenova N.P., Slepukhina T.D., Golubkov S.M., Balushkina E.V., Starobogatov Ya.I. and Barbashova M.A. 1999. Composition and quantitaive indices of benthic invertebrates. In: Rumiancev V.A. and Drabkova V.G. (Eds.). Gulf of Finland under conditions of anthropogenic impact. Institute of Limnology RAS, Saint-Petersburg: 189–211. [In Russian].

Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. 1992. Edited by D.M. Rosenberg and V.H. Resh. New York, London: 488 р.

Golubkov M.S. 2009. Primary production of the Neva estuary at the turn of the XX–XXI century. Inland water biology, 4: 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1134/S199508290904004X

Golubkov S.M. and Golubkov M.S. 2008. Formation of ecological regime with dominated by macroalgae of periphyton in shallow salt lakes: the role of climatic and biotic factors. Thesises collection. Internationale scientific and practical conference. ZIN RAS, Saint-Petersburg: 102–105.

Golubkov S.M., Balushkina E.V., Golubkov M.S. and Litvinchuk L.F. 2012. Functioning, biodiversity and bioresources of ecosystems of shallow saline lakes In: Alimov A.F., Golubkov S.M. (Eds.). Dynamics of biodiversity and bioresources of the Inland waters. Nauka, Saint-Petersburg: 101–112. [In Russian].

Golubkov S., Balushkina E., Golubkov M., Litvinchuk L. and Gubelit Y. 2006. Biodiversity-productivity relationships in the ecosystems of salt lakes. Proceedings of the ZIN RAS, 310: 67–74.

Golubkov S.M., Balushkina E.V., Rybalko A.E., Berezina N.A., Maximov A.A., Gubelit Yu.I. and Golubkov M.S. 2011. Quality of water and bottom deposits in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland by hydrobiological indices. Thesises collection. X International Environmental Forum “Baltic Sea Day”. Color-Print, Saint-Petersburg: 311–312.

Golubkov S., Kemp R., Golubkov M., Balushkina E., Litvinchuk L. and Gubelit Y. 2007. Biodiversity and the functioning of hypersaline lake ecosystems from Crimea Peninsula (Black Sea). Fundamental and Applied Limnology. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 169(1): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1127/1863-9135/2007/0169-0079

Graham T.R. 1965. Ann. Rept. lothias river purifikation board for 1965 (Цит. по Макрушин А.В., 1974).

Ivanova M.B. 1990. About zooplankton of hypersaline lakes. Hydrobiol. Journ., 26(5): 39. [In Russian].

Ivanova M.B., Balushkina E.V. and Basova S.L. 1994. Structural-fuctional reorganization of ecosystem of hypehaline lake Saki (Crimea) at increased salinity. Russian Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 3(2): 111–126.

Ivanova M.B. and Svistunova T.I. 1989. Development of populations of Artemia salina L. in the eastern basin of Lake Saki and the role of these crustaceans in the formation of medical mud. Proceedings of the ZIN AS of USSR, Leningrad, 196: 122–133. [In Russian].

Kitaev S.P. 1984. Ecological bases of bio-productivity of lakes of different natural zones. Nauka, Moscov: 207 p. [In Russian].

Newsletter N10. 2008. FGU NPP on Marine and Exploration “SEVMORGEO”, Saint-Petersburg: 51p.

Perfil’ev B.V. 1925. On the question of the rational economy of mud. Publisher Main. Recreation Department, Moscov: 30 p. [In Russian].

Perfil’ev B.V. 1926. Conclusions hydrobiological excursions on the lake Saki in September 1925. Kurortnoe Delo, 2: 1–24. [In Russian].

Reice S.R. and Wohlenberg M. 1992. Monitoring freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates and benthic processes: measures for assessment of ecosystem heals. Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. Chapman Hall, New York, London: 287–305.

The ecological system of lakes Naroch. 1985. Science, Minsk: 302 p. [In Russian].

The report of North Fish Research Institute. 1981. To assess the state of fish stocks in the waters of the Arkhangelsk region: 78 p. [In Russian].

Sterligova O.P., Bushman L.G., Pavlovsky S.A. and Komulainen S.F. 1991. Changes in ecosystem of Syamozero under the influence of anthropogenic factors. Anthropogenic changes of small Lakes ecosystems. Nauka, Saint-Petersburg: 341–344. [In Russian].

Trifonova I.S. 1990. Ecology and succession of lakes phytoplankton. Nauka, Leningrad: 179 p. [In Russian].

Vareshi E. 1982. The ecology of L. Nakuru (Kenya). III. Abiotic factors and primary production. Oecologia, Berlin, 55: 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386722

Vareschi E. 1987. Saline lake ecosystems. Ecological Studies, 61: 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71630-0_17

Vareshi E. and Jacobs J. 1984. The ecology of L. Nakuru (Kenya). V. Production and consumption of aquatic organisms. Oecologia, 61: 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379092

Williams W.D. 1998а. Guidelines of lake management. Management of inland saline waters. Int. lake Environment Committee, United Nations Environment Programm, 6. 108 p.

Williams W.D., 1998b. Salinity as a determinant of the structure of biological communities in salt lakes. Hydrobiologia, 381: 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003287826503

Winberg G.G. 1934. The experience of studying fotosintezis and respiration in the water mass of the lake: the question of the balance of organic matter. Message 1. Proceedings of Limnological Station in Kosino, 18: 5–24. [In Russian].

Winberg G.G. 1972. Studies of the biological balance of energy and biological productivity of lakes in the Soviet Union. Ecologija, 4: 5–18. [In Russian].

Winberg G.G. 1980. General characteristics of freshwater ecosystems based on Soviet IBP studies. The functioning of freshwater ecosystems. London, New-York: 481–491.