Изменения экосистемы египетского соленого озера Карун в XX–XXI веках (краткий обзор)

Е.В. Ануфриева, Г.М. Ель-Шабрави и Н.В. Шадрин

Труды Зоологического института РАН, 2016, 320(3): 250–261 · https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2016.320.3.250

Резюме

С начала XX века ускорился рост солености в оз. Карун (Египет). В XX–XXI веках произошли существенные изменения видовой структуры в планктоне и бентосе. Суммируя многолетние данные разных авторов, дается анализ взаимосвязи изменений солености и биоты в этот период. Выделены три этапа биотических изменений. Показано, что изменения солености только до 1928 г. определяли трансформацию биоразнообразия. За счет естественных причин происходило вселение в озеро маргинальных морских (Cerastoderma glaucum и др.) и галотолерантных озерных видов (Arctodiaptomus salinus, Moina salina и др.), уменьшение разнообразия и численности пресноводных форм. Из-за роста солености в озере стали исчезать отдельные виды рыб и к 1920 г. осталось только два вида. Вылов рыбы резко упал, повлияв на уровень жизни местного населения на берегах озера. Чтобы улучшить ситуацию, в 1928 г. начали вселять морских рыб и ракообразных. Не все из них стали успешно размножаться и поэтому ежегодно из моря в озеро транспортируются мальки нескольких видов рыб. Второй этап изменения биоты в озере начался, когда массовое направленное и случайное вселение морских гидробионтов людьми стало основной причиной преобразования видовой структуры сообщества озера. Поток морских видов усилился, галотолерантные озерные виды (Arctodiaptomus salinus, Moina salina и др.) исчезли, сформировалось морское сообщество. В 1950–1970 гг. интенсивная эвтрофикация озера наряду с антропогенной интродукцией чужеродных видов стали движущими силами изменений экосистемы озера. Новые виды продолжали появляться, но суммарная численность бентоса снизилась, средний размер животных уменьшился. Сделан прогноз, что в ближайшие десятилетия основными причинами изменений структуры сообщества будут эвтрофирование, загрязнение и виды-вселенцы, прежде всего гребневик Mnemiopsis leidyi, вселившийся в озеро в 2014 г.

Ключевые слова

Египет, соленые озера, долговременные изменения, виды-вселенцы, эвтрофирование

Поступила в редакцию 13 января 2016 г. · Принята в печать 28 июня 2016 г. · Опубликована 23 сентября 2016 г.

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