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Year 2020, Volume 54, Issue 6
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Physiological and ecological aspects of interactions between enthomopathogenic fungi (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) and insects. P. 443-469.
In the review, we briefly summarized virulence mechanisms of entomopathogenic ascomycetes and the defense reactions of host insects. Special attention is paid to the influence of environmental factors (temperature, toxicants, concomitant infections, symbiotic microorganisms and parasitoids) on the physiological aspects of the relationship between insect hosts and entomopathogenic fungi. Based on the analysis performed, we suggest that the increase in the susceptibility of insects to fungal infections under the influence of various stresses has a complex basis, which is expressed by suppression of defense reactions set, as well as by disturbance ontogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms is important for the development of new approaches to biological control of economicaly important species.
in Russian
The structure of the Haller's organ and taxonomy of ixodid ticks of the subfamily Ixodinae (family Ixodidae). P. 470-490.
The analysis of the structure of the Haller's organ, the main sensory organ of ixodid ticks, was performed on the basis of own and literary data, obtained by methods of scanning electron microscopy. A total of 43 hard tick species of the genus Ixodes Latreille, 1795, solitary genus of the subfamily Ixodinae, were examined, including representatives of 13 subgenera of the genus: Ixodes s. str. (14 species), Pholeoixodes Schulze, 1942 (3 species), Ixodiopsis Filippova, 1957 (4 species), Ceratixodes Neumann, 1902 (1 species), Scaphixodes Schulze 1941 (2 species), Trichotoixodes Reznik, 1961 (2 species), Partipalpiger Hoogstraal, Clifford, Saito & Keirans 1973 (1 species), Pomerantzevella Feider, 1965 (1 species), Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld, 1851 (2 species), Afrixodes Morel, 1966 (1 species), Sternalixodes Schulze, 1938 (8 species), Multidentatus Clifford, Sonenshine, Keirans & Kohls, 1973 (3 species), Endopalpiger Schulze (1935) (1 species). Taxonomic characters in the structure of the organ (the number and topography of sensilla in different parts of the organ, the presence and shape of the capsular orifice, shape of the anterior trough, etc.) were revealed. It was demonstrated that that the structure of the Haller's organ is specific for each subgenus, whereas interspecific differences within each certain subgenus are virtually very poor. Comparison of the obtained data with existing views on taxonomy of the genus Ixodes was performed.
in Russian
Genetic diversity in monoxenous and trixenous digeneans sharing one molluscan host species. P. 491-503.
Mudsnails Peringia ulvae serve as hosts for many digenean species; some of them differ a lot in their life cycle pattern. In the north of Europe two contrasting examples are Cryptocotyle concava (Heterophyidae) with a trixenous life cycle and Bunocotyle progenetica (Hemiuridae) with a mon-oxenous life cycle. A ~ 870 base pairs long fragment of cox1 gene sequence was used to evaluate and compare genetic structure within these two species. Our findings suggest that high dispersal of C. concava keeps differentiation between different locations minimal and haplotype diversity quite high. In B. progenetica two haplotypes dominate and have at least limited dispersal.
in Russian
Level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 among Sudanese infected by malaria parasite. P. 504-513.
Malaria still remains one of the oldest documented diseases of humans in the world. This study was aimed to measure the concentration of cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10) in Sudanese malarial patients in serum specimens. 148 malaria positive patients were included in this study. The specimens were collected from three different areas: Kosti, Al-Greif Sharq, and El-Jayli Area. All specimens were examined using both blood films and ICT Pf/Pan. The overall mean of parasite counts were 22.36 x 109 parasite/L. After 14 days 54 of the participants returned back for follow up after completion of the anti-malarial treatment and the same previous tests were repeated again. 70 participants were selected to measure the concentration of cytokines according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. They were classified into two groups endemic and non-endemic and compared to their corresponding control groups and to the treated participants. The mean levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 in serum of malarial patients from non-endemic area, was 59.94 pg/mL, 42.78 pg/mL, and 109.87 pg/mL respectively. The mean level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the serum of the malarial patients from the endemic area, was 14.26 pg/mL, 52.26 pg/mL, and 131.99 pg/mL respectively. IFN-γ and IL-10 showed a higher concentration when compared to a healthy control group (IFN-γ: E: p = 0.040/NE: p < 0.000; IL-10: p < 0.000 for both areas). Also showed higher concentrations when compared to the treated groups in both areas (IFN-γ: p = 0.010; IL-10: p < 0.000; TNF-α: E: p = 0.760/NE: p = 0.650). In the opposite TNF-a showed a significant difference with lower concentration when compared to the healthy group in both areas (p < 0.000). In this study both pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines for both endemic and non-endemic areas were elevated during infection and both decreased after treatment.
in Russian
Prevalence of Paramphistomum species in cattle slaughtered at Gwagwalada abattoir, Abuja, Nigeria. P. 514-521.
A cross sectional study was carried out in September 2017-April 2018, in Gwagwalada abattoir to determine prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. in slaughtered cattle. Six hundred and forty eight (648) cattle were subjected to standard meat inspection procedures for the presence of Paramphistomum spp. Parasites were determined during initial examination and then determination was clarified microscopically to appreciate the morphology of adult Paramphistomum spp. The overall prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. in the study was (59.7 %). The prevalence was higher in male than in female cattle with prevalence of 51.4 % and 48.6 % respectively. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. due to season of sampling, and to cattle species, sex, and age was observed. The highest infection rate of cattle with Paramphistomum spp. was observed in October. The revealed high infection rate of cattle with Paramphistomum spp. testifies to an intensive transmission of these parasites in the region, potentially resulting in immense economical losses in the area examined. Therefore, it is recommended to cattle breeders to improve feeds provision in order to obtain good body condition providing sufficient level of resistance against Paramphistomum infections. Integrated control approach using selected anthelmintic therapy and snail control to reduce the magnitude of the problem is also recommended.
in Russian
Index of authors published in 2020 (Vol. 54). P. 522-528.
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in Russian