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Rolf G. Beutel, Si-qin Ge, Thomas Hoernschemeyer
On the head morphology of Tetraphalerus, the phylogeny of Archostemata and the basal branching events in Coleoptera.
Cladistics, 23 (2007): 1-29.
(Institut
fuer
spezielle
Zoologie
und
Evolutionsbiologie,
FSU
Jena,
07743,
Germany;
Institute
of
Zoology,
Chinese
Academy
of
Sciences,
Beijing,
100101,
China;
Institut
fuer
Zoologie &
Anthropologie,
Abteilung
Morphologie &
Systematik,
Georg-August-Universitaet,
37073,
Goettingen,
Germany)
Accepted
10
July
2007
Abstract
Internal
and
external
features
of
Tetraphalerus
bruchi
were
studied
using
X-ray
microtomography
(l-CT)
and
other
techniques,
and
head
structures
were
described
in
detail.
l-Ct
is
highly
efficient
for
the
assessment
of
anatomical
data. A
data
matrix
with
90
morphological
characters
of
recent
and
fossil
beetles
was
analyzed
with
different
approaches
(parsimony,
Bayesian
analysis).
The
results
of
the
parsimony
analysis
resulted
in
the
following
branching
pattern:
(Tshekardocoleidae +
(Permocupedidae,
Rhombocoleidae +
(Triadocupedidae +
((Adephaga +
(Myxophaga +
Polyphaga))
) +
Archostemata
s.str.
[including
Jurodidae]))).
Sikhotealinia
is
placed
as
sister
group
of
Jurodes
(Jurodidae),
and
Jurodidae
as
sister
group
of
the
remaining
Archostemata
(Bayesian
analysis)
or
of a
clade
comprising
Micromalthidae,
Crowsoniellidae,
Ademosynidae,
Schizophoridae
and
Catiniidae.
The
monophyly
of
Ommatidae
and
Cupedidae
is
well
supported
and
Priacma
is
placed
as
the
sister
group
of
all
other
Cupedidae.
Important
events
in
the
early
evolution
of
Coleoptera
are
the
shortening
of
the
elytra
and
the
transformation
of
the
elytral
venation
(Coleoptera
excluding
Tshekardocoleidae),
the
formation
of a
closed
subelytral
space
(Coleoptera
excluding
Tshekardocoleidae
and
Permocupedidae),
the
reduction
of
two
apical
antennomeres,
and
the
loss
of
the
broad
prothoracic
postcoxal
bridge
(Coleoptera
excluding
Tshekardocoleidae,
Permocupedidae
and
Rhombocoleidae).
Plesiomorphic
features
preserved
in
extant
Archostemata
are
the
tuberculate
cuticle,
the
elytral
pattern
with
parallel
longitudinal
ribs
and
window
punctures, a
mesoventrite
with a
transverse
ridge,
triangular
mesocoxae
with a
distinct
meron,
and
the
exposed
metatrochantin.
The
fossils
included
in
the
analyses
do
not
only
contribute
to
the
reconstruction
of
character
evolution
but
also
influence
the
branching
pattern.
An
understanding
of
the
major
evolutionary
events
in
Coleoptera
would
not
be
possible
without
considering
the
rich
fossil
record
of
Permian
and
Mesozoic
beetles.
The
Willi
Hennig
Society,
2007.