THE COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF
AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

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Vol. 93, JANUARY 1985, No. 1

Journal of the New York Entomological Society

(ISSN 0028-7199)

Devoted to Entomology in General

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JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Editor: Randall T. Schuh, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024

Book Review Editor: Quentin D. Wheeler, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853

Publications Committee: Louis Trombetta, St. Johns University, Queens, New York, Chairman; Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr., Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg; Joseph M. Cerreta, St. Johns University, Queens, New York.

The New York Entomological Society

Incorporating The Brooklyn Entomological Society

President: Gerard Iwantsch, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458

Vice President: Henry M. Knizeski, Jr., Department of Biology, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, New York 1 0 5 2 2

Secretary: Irene E. Matejko, Science Department, The New Lincoln School, New York, New York 10021

Assistant Secretary: Dennis J. Joslyn, Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08 102

Treasurer: Louis Sorkin, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024

Trustees: Class of 1984—Joseph Cerreta, St. Johns University, Queens, New York; Durland Fish, Fordham University, Bronx, New York; Class of 1985—Peter Chabora, Queens College, New York; Charles Porter, Fordham University, Bronx, New York.

Annual dues are $18.00 for established professionals with journal, $10.00 without journal, $10.00 for students with journal, $5.00 without journal. Sustaining memberships are $48.00 per year, institutional memberships are $120.00 per year, and life memberships are $300.00. Subscriptions are $27.00 per year domestic and $30.00 foreign. All payments should be made to the Treasurer. Back issues of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Entomologica Americana, the Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology and other Society publications can be purchased from Lubrecht and Cramer, RD 1, Box 244, Forestburgh, New York 12777.

Meetings of the Society are held on the third Tuesday of each month (except June through September) at 8 p.m. in the American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York.

Mailed May 3, 1985

The Journal of the New York Entomological Society (ISSN 0028-7199) is published quarterly (January, April, July, October) for the Society by Allen Press, inc., 1041 New Hampshire, Lawrence, Kansas 66044. Second class postage paid at New Brunswick, New Jersey and at additional mailing office.

Known office of publication: American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024.

Journal of the New York Entomological Society, total copies printed 1,000, paid circulation 673, mail subscription 673, eke distribution by mail 7, total distribution 680, 320 copies leR over each quarter.
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THE COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

ROBERT D. GORDON

Systematic Entomology Laboratory
IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service USDA,
c/o U.S. National Museum of Natural History,
Washington, D.C. 20560

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Volume 93, fascicle 1, pages 1-912
Price per copy S40.00
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Plate 1.

Adalia bipunctata (L.) Cycloneda polita Casey
Axion tripustulatum (Degeer)
Paranaemia vittigera (Mannerheim) Hippodamia parenthesis (Say)
Epilachna borealis (F.)
Chilocorus stigma (Say) Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Mulsant

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Plate 2.

Didion punctatum (Melsheimer) Nephaspis bioculatus (Blatchley)
Psyllobora vigintimaculata (Say)
Diomus terminalis (Say) Hyperaspis levrati Mulsant
Brachiacantha uteella Casey
Hyperaspis fastidiosa Casey Cephaloscymnus z. australis Gordon
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THE COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF
AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

ROBERT D. GORDON

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ............... 3
Historical Resume ......... 6
Methods ....................... 7
Terms ................... 8
Acknowledgments ........... 11
Biological Control and Coccinellidae in North America ... 12
Table 1 ...................................................... 14
Table 2 ...................................... 29
Family Coccinellidae (Systematic Treatment)......... 33
Sticholotidinae .... 34
Microweisini ... 36
Serangiini ...... 58
Cephaloscymnini ... 66
Scymninae ....... 74
Zilini .......... 74
Stethorini ...... 88
Scymnini ....... 99
Selvadiini ...... 347
Hyperaspini ... 352
Cryptognathini ... 599
Chilocorinae .... 602
Chilocorini ... 602
Coccidulinae ... 654
Coccidulini ...... 655
Noviini ......... 662
Exoplectnni ..... 668
Azyini .......... 671
Coccinellinae ..... 678
Coccinellini..... 679
Psylloborini .... 851
Epilachninae ...... 862
Epilachnini ..... 863
Literature Cited ... 874
Index ............ 893

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Abstract.—The 57 genera and 475 species of Coccinellidae occurring in America north of Mexico are treated taxonomically. Keys to all taxa, descriptions of the higher taxa, species diagnoses, synonymies, and host records are included. Two new tribes, Cephaloscymnini and Selvadiini, are erected for the genera Cephaloscymnus Crotch and Selvadius Casey. New species are described as follows: Brachiacantha barberi; B. rotunda; B. schwarzi; B. soltaui; B. stephani; Exoplectra schaef^Seri; Gnathoweisea Xerox, G. hageni; G. micula; G. texana; Hyperaspidius algodonus, H. andrewsi; H. hardyi; H. nanellus; H. simulates; Hyperaspis caseyi; H. deludens, H. dobzhanskyi; H. imitator, H. ornatella; H. schae^Sferi; H. uteana; Nephus (S.) timberlakei, Zagloba satana; Zilus horni. A chapter on biological control involving the family Coccinellidae includes discussions of the introduced species established in North America, and tables listing all the species that have been introduced whether established or not.

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Ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) have been favorites of collectors and objects of general popular interest for centuries because of the bright, contrasting red and black colors of many of the species. Also, species tend to seek shelter in winter, hence are commonly found in and around dwellings at a time of year when most insects are not in evidence. Popular interest in the Ladybird (which in Europe is Coccinelta septempunctata) goes back at least to the fifteenth century and probably much farther. The Ladybird is usually dedicated to the Virgin Mary; in Scandinavia it is called Nyckelpiga, our Lady's Key-maid, or Jung-fru Marias Gulhona, the Virgin Mary's Golden-hen. In Germany it is Frauen or Marien-Kafer, Ladybeetles of the Virgin Mary, and in France it is known as Betes de la Vierge, Animals of the Virgin. Many rhymes or verses stem from beliefs in the supernatural powers of the Ladybird, a few of which are recited below (from Cowan, 1865).
From Vienna a superstition connected with the Ladybird's ability to bring fine weather:

Little birdie, birdie
Fly to Marybrunn
and bring us a fine sun

From the marsh of the Elbe comes a similar request:

May-cat
Fly away
Hasten away
Bring me good weather with you tomorrow

Northern Germany (Ploen) gives us a request based on the belief that the Ladybird can foretell the harvest year; if the spots exceed 7, grain will be scarce, if there are fewer than 7, there will be an abundant harvest:

Maerspart, fly to heaven
Bring me a sack full of biscuits, one for me, one for thee,
for all the little angels one

In northern Europe it is thought to be lucky when a young girl sees the Ladybird in the spring, she lets it creep around her hand and says, "She measures me for wedding gloves." When it flies away the direction it takes is important because it signifies from what direction her sweetheart will come. England provides us with this rhyme:

This Ladyfly I take from off the grass,
whose spotted back might scarlet red surpass.
Fly, Ladybird, north, south, or east or west,
Fly where the man is found that I love best.
He leaves my hand, see to the west he's flowen,
To call my true-love from the faithless town.

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Also from England (Norfolk) comes a similar wish in verse:

Bishop, Bishop Barnabee,
Tell me when my wedding be:
If it be tomorrow day,
Take your wings and fly away!
Fly to the east, fly to the west,
Fly to him that I love best.

In Scotland the Ladybird is a great favorite, and we have still more rhymes concerning a sweetheart:

Lady, Lady Lanners
Lady, Lady Lanners,
Tak' up your elowk about your head,
An' flee awa' to Flanners (Flanders)
Flee ower firth and flee ower fell,
Flee ower pule and rinnan' well,
Flee ower muir, and flee ower mead,
Flee ower livan, flee ower dead,
Flee ower corn, and flee ower lee,
Flee ower river, flee ower sea,
Flee ye east, or flee ye west,
Flee till him that lo'es me best.

Or, —
King, King collowa,
Up your wings and flee awa'
Over land and over sea;
Tell me where my love can be!

The Ladybird rhyme best known to children in England and America follows with 2 English versions:

Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home;
Your house is on fire your children's at home,
All but one that ligs under the stone,—
Ply thee home, ladybird, ere it be gone.

From Yorkshire and Lancashire, —

Ladybird, ladybird, eigh thy way home;
Thy house is on fire, thy children all roam,
Except little Nan, who sits in her pan,
weaving gold laces as fast as she can.

The seemingly obscure meaning of the latter 2 rhymes is explained by the presence of the Ladybird in large numbers among hop vines. The larvae feed on aphids of the hop vine and fire was formerly used as a means of killing the aphids, thus effectively killing the Ladybirds as well.

From "The Zoology of the English Poets" by Newell (1845) come 2 rather elegant

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examples of verse concerning the Ladybird. First, from the tragedy of Sir Thomas Moore by Hurdis:

             Sir John.

What d'ye look at? Cecilia.
A little animal, that round my glove,
And up and down to every finger's tip,
Has travelled merrily, and travels still,
Tho' it has wings to fly: what its name is
With learned men I know not; simple folk
Call it the lady-bird.

             Sir John.

Poor harmless thing!
Save it.

             Cecilia.

I would not hurt it for the world;
Its prettiness says, Spare me; and it bears
Armour so beautiful upon his back,
I could not injure it to be a queen:
Look, sir, its coat is scarlet dropp'd with jet,
Its eyes pure ivory.

             Sir John.

Child, I am blind
To objects so minute: I know it well;
'Tis the companion of the waning year,
And lives among the blossoms of the hop;
It has fine silken wings enfolded close
Under that coat of mail.

             Cecilia.

I see them, sir,
For it unfurls them now—'tis up and gone.

And, from Southey's "The Burnie-Bee":

Back o'er thy shoulders throw thy ruby shards,
With many a tiny coal-black freckle deck'd;
My watchful eye thy loitering saunter guards,
My ready hand thy footsteps shall protect.

So shall the fairy train, by glowworm light,
With rainbow tints thy folding pennons fret,

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Thy scaly breast in deeper azure dight,
Thy burnish'd armour deck with glossier jet.

Some superstitions have existed about the Ladybird that don't appear in verse, such as the Ladybird as a cure for measles and colic (Newell, 1845); or as a cure for the toothache when specimens are mashed and put into the hollow tooth. This latter use of the Ladybird comes to us from Jaeger (1859) who states "I tried this application in two instances, and the tooth-ache was immediately relieved; but whether the remedy, or the faith of the patient, acted therapeutically, or the tooth ceased aching of itself, I confess I do not pretend to know."

Ladybird beetles are generally thought of as beneficial insects, predators of plant pests; this is true for the most part, particularly in temperate regions. In tropical regions, however, many are plant feeders, some economically significant. A few plant feeders occur in temperate regions, the Mexican bean beetle being the prime North American example.

Historically, the beneficial species have been classified as "Coccinellides Aphidiphages" (Chapuis, 1876) (aphid predators), and the plant feeders as "Coccinellides phytophages" (Chapuis, 1876). This designation of beneficial species as aphid predators is accurate only in part. The beneficials actually divide into groups of species, each of which has a preferred group of host species; as examples, species of Chilocorinae prey on scale insects, species of Stethorini on mites, and most species of Coccinellinae are aphid predators. However, in the absence or scarcity of preferred food, many species will feed on other insects such as the immature stages of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. Members of the genus Coleomegilla (Coccinellinae) are able not only to survive on a variety of foods, but to complete development when restricted to an unusual diet such as mites. Plant pollen also qualifies as an essential food for Coleomegilla, and members of this genus are evidently the most euryphagous of the Coccinellidae. The preferred food of another genus of Coccinellinae, Neoharmonia, is evidently the larvae of a genus of Chrysomelidae. Among the phytophagous Coccinellidae, most are typical leaf feeders, such as Epilachna and Subcoccinella, but the Psylloborini have acquired the unusual habit of feeding exclusively on fungal hyphae and spores.

Ladybirds are thus of considerable interest to naturalists, agriculturists, etc.; therefore a need exists for a comprehensive faunal treatment. The present volume is an attempt to fill that need.

The purpose of this treatment is to provide the means to identify the species of Coccinellidae occurring in America north of Mexico. To this end, keys, illustrations, diagnoses, and synonymies are provided for all taxa known to occur in North America. A brief chapter on Wological control importation efforts is included because of the significance of many species as actual or potential control agents against plant pests.

HISTORICAL RESUME

Along with other animal groups, the classification of the Coccinellidae began with Linnaeus in the mid 1700's. Over the next 100 years it proceeded along the familiar paths of insect classification, attended to by Fabricius, Degeer, Thunberg, Herbst,

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etc. In 1850, Mulsant produced a monograph of the Coccinellidae on a world basis that proved to be the foundation for modern classification and which still is an indispensable tool in any coccinellid specialist's shop. This treatment was so well done that large portions of it remain unaltered by subsequent research. In 1853 and 1866, Mulsant published additional information as supplements to the 1850 volume. The next major figure on the scene was George Robert Crotch, who again treated the world Coccinellidae (1874). He changed Mulsant's classification very little, but added several new genera and many new species. Crotch was followed by Julius Weise, who, although producing no single monumental work, succeeded in refining coccinellid classification in a series of papers from 1878 to 1930. Weise was a careful, observant worker whose contributions were highly significant. He was also the first coccinellid taxonomist to realize that male genitalia could be used to distinguish species, although he did not pursue this to any extent. Korschefsky, a protege of Weise, was an amateur coccinellid taxonomist of considerable ability. When Weise died before writing the Coccinellidae portion of the Junk Catalogue, Korschefsky proceeded to do the work which appeared in 1931 and 1932, and which remains the single most useful taxonomic publication for coccinellid specialists anywhere in the world. One of the most important contributions to coccinellid classification is relatively recent; Sasaji (1968) published the "Phylogeny of the family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)," a thorough consideration of the relationships of the higher taxa of the family. This publication has served as the basis for subfamily and tribal assignments since 1968, and rightfully so; all morphological characteristics of adults and many larval characteristics have been incorporated in the scheme in a logical fashion. I regard this contribution as a landmark in coccinellid classification, to be compared in significance with Mulsant's classification of 1850.

Casey (1899) treated the Coccinellidae of the United States in their entirety, providing the foundation for taxonomic research in North America. The chief workers in North American Coccinellidae since 1899 are Leng (1903-1920), Dobzhansky (1931-1941), Chapin (1930-1966), Brown and de Ruette (1962), Brown (1962), and Gordon (1970-present). In addition, regional studies of Coccinellidae have been made by Stehr (1930), Minnesota; Wingo (1952), Upper Mississippi Basin; Hatch (1961), Pacific Northwest; J. Chapin (1974), Louisiana; and Belicek (1976), Western Canada and Alaska.

Comprehensive publications on the biology, ecology, nutrition, metabolism, etc., are few. Some sources that contain literature reviews are Hagen (1962), Hodek (1966), and Hodek (1967). Most recently Hodek (1973) has compiled much of this information in a single source. Hodek's book contains a short chapter on the taxonomy and morphology of adults and an excellent chapter on the taxonomy and morphology of the larvae. The bulk of the book is devoted to discussion of such Wological relationships as natural enemies, food sources, variability, and habitat.

METHODS

In keeping with the primary purpose of this publication, to serve as an identification manual, the systematics portion is kept as simple as possible. Thus, taxa above the species level are fully described, but, except for new taxa, species are briefly diagnosed

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rather than described. Illustrations are provided to facilitate identifications, and these should be considered an essential part of the work and used accordingly.

Primary types. An effort has been made to locate and examine type material of all authors included except the older European workers such as Linnaeus, Fabricius, etc. When a species has been described from more than one specimen without designation of a holotype, a lectotype is designated and, where possible, the remaining specimens of the type series are designated as paralectotypes. The major type depositories for North American Coccinellidae are the California Academy of Sciences, Museum of Comparative Zoology, and U.S. National Museum; other institutions in North America that are type repositories are the Canadian National Collection and Purdue University. In several instances the type specimens have not been located and are either known to be lost or are presumed to be. An example of the former is the Say collection; examples of the latter are the Randall types and some of the Crotch and Melsheimer types. When the type specimens are lost, not located, or not examined, the traditional concept of the species has been accepted.

Locality records. Nearly all of the locality records listed in the text were taken from specimens actually examined, published records were accepted only when the source was unquestionably authoritative. Under "Distribution" only the specified locality is given, plus county if stated on the label. Distribution data are given exactly as they appear on the label except that obvious misspellings are corrected. For new species, all information is given exactly as it apppears on the label. Distributions are presented on maps with either symbols, shaded areas, or both. Shading is used when a species is commonly collected; symbols are used when a species is rarely collected or when the distribution pattern needs to be accurately defined. When a state record only is available, "S" with the appropriate symbol appears in that state on the map.

Host data. Host data for members of each genus are listed in the generic discussion. This is not intended to be a complete listing of all published host records; an exhaustive literature search has not been conducted, but all major sources of host information have been consulted, additional records have been discovered in the course of the study, and specimen label data have been included.

TERMS

Most of the morphological terms used are germane to beetles in general, but some are unique to ladybird beetles. To facilitate the use of the keys and descriptions, a

brief glossary follows (see Figs. 1, 2).

accessory gland, thin walled, saclike structure attached in basal 1/2 of spermathecal capsule of female genitalia.

basal lobe, median apical projection of phallobase of male genitalia serving as a guide for sipho.

basal piece, basal portion of phallobase of male genitalia to which the basal lobe, paramere, and trabes attach.

bursa copulatrix, thin walled, saclike structure between infundibulum or sperm duct and abdominal apex.

cornu, apical curved portion of spermathecal capsule of female genitalia.

cryptotetramerous (tarsus), tarsus composed of 4 segments, appearing 3 seg- mented because 3rd segment minute, concealed between lobes of 2nd segment.

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#_______________________________________________________
##Fig. 1 . Coccinella novemnotata Herbst—ventral view.
#_______________________________________________________

genital plates, sclerotized plates which are the divided 9th abdominal sternum in the female.

infundibulum, sclerotized, funnel-like structure between sperm duct and bursa copulatrix of female genitalia.

nodules, basal part of spermathecal capsule of female genitalia.

paramere, paired lateral apical projection of phallobase of male genitalia serving to position and hold basal lobe in position during copulation.

phallobase, includes the basal piece, basal lobe, and paramere of male genitalia.

postcoxal line, the line on the 1st abdominal sternum posterior to hind coxa.

ramus, swelling or projection usually between cornu and nodulus of spermathecal capsule of female genitalia.

sipho, sclerotized, curved rod which is inserted through the basal lobe and into the female bursa copulatrix during copulation, corresponds to aedeagus or penis.

spermathecal capsule, part of the female genitalia composed of the cornu, ramus, and nodulus (one or both of the latter may be absent).

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#______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 2 . Male and female genitalia and postcoxal lines of Coccinellidae. a, b. Male genitalia. c. Female. dog Postcoxal lines.
#______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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sperm duct, tube connecting spermathecal capsule to infundibulum or bursa copulatrix of female genitalia.
trabes, strut posterior to basal piece of male genitalia, connected by muscular attachment to basal piece.
trimerous (tarsus), tarsus composed of 3 segments.

The postcoxal line on the 1st abdominal sternum is a useful character for generic discrimination. This line takes 4 major forms in the Coccinellidae; I refer to these as the Pullus, Scymn us, Diomus, or Nephus types in the text without further explanation. These types are illustrated in Figure 2 , and are characterized as follows: Pullus type-line complete, curved from base medially to base of sternum laterally; Scymnus type-line incomplete, curved from base medially and forward toward base of sternum laterally; Diomus type - line incomplete, extending clown from base, joining apical margin of sternum; and Nephus type - line incomplete extending down from base nearly to apical margin of sternum, extending parallel to apical margin toward lateral margin.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

For the loan of specimens of Coccinellidae I am indebted to the curators of the following institutional collections (acronyms are those used in the text): (BMNH) British Museum (Natural History), London, England; (CAS) California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California; (CDA) California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, California; (CM) Carnegie Museum at Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; (CNC) Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario; (DLM) Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Dejean Collection), Lyon, France; (FS CA) Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida; (H SPA) Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association, Honolulu, Hawaii; (INHS) Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois; (MCZ3 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambndge, Massachusetts; (NREA) Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Entomologiska Avdelningen, Stockholm, Sweden; (PAS) Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; (PM) Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; (PU) Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; (UCCC) University of Cambridge (Crotch Collection), Cambridge, England; (UCR) University of California, Riverside, California; (UMMZ) University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan; (UMZH) University Museum Helsinki, Finland; (USNM) United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.; (WHN) William H. Nutting, Oakland, California; (ZMC) Zoologisk Museum Copenhagen, Universitets Copenhagen, Denmark.

Assistance in the form of specimens, library materials, advice, encouragement, etc., was rendered by the following individuals (institutional specimens were often involved, but acronyms do not appear in the text): G. E. Ball, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; W. F. Barr, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; E. C. Becker, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario; J. M. Campbell, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario; J. B. Chapin, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; J. A. Chemsak, University of California, Berkeley, California; J. T. Doyen, University of California, Berkeley, California; H. Dozier, Clemson, South Carolina; W. A. Foster, University of Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England; K. So Hagen, University of California, Division of Biological Control, Albany, California; T. J. Henry USDA, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, D.C.; H. F. Howden, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario; J. D. Lattin, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; L. LeSage, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario; W. H. Nutting, Oakland, California; R. D. Pope,
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British Museum (Natural History), London, England; J. Smart, University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England; A. G. Wheeler, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; R. E. Woodruff, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida.

Host arthropod and plant names were verified by the following individuals: E. W. Baker, D. R. Miller, and M. B. Stoetzel, USDA, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland; D. C. Wasshausen, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

The illustrations were prepared by contract illustrators Arthur Cushman, Criglersville, Virginia, Janine Higgins, Paris, Virginia, Britt Griswold, Washington, D.C., and Systematic Entomolo^w illustrators Linda Lawrence and Mary Lou Cooley. The color plates were prepared by George Venable, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

For reviewing the manuscript I am indebted to J. B. Chapin, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Lousiana; K S. Hagen, University of California, Division of Biological Control, Albany, California; R. D. Pope, British Museum (Natural History), London, England; W. Steiner, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; T. J. Henry, D. R. Whitehead, and E. W. Baker, USDA, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, D.C.; J. R. Coulson, Beneficial Insect Introduction Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND COCCINELLIDAE IN NORTH AMERICA

The history of biological control in North Amenca has been well documented beginning with Essig (1931). In addition to Essig, there have been several comprehensive reports on the subject which should be consulted for detailed information and bibliographies. Chief among these are DeBach (1964), Hagen and Franz (1973), and the articles in Huffaker and Messenger (1976). Clausen (1956b) discusses the status of successfully established beneficial introductions prior to that date. Clausen et al. (1978) present a broad view of the subject on a world wide basis.

The cottonycushion scale, a serious pest of citrus in California, precipitated the first attempts at introducing foreign parasites and predators into North America. In 1888, Albert Koebele was sent to Australia to obtain natural enemies and sent back to California several species of ladybird beetles, among which was the now famous "vedalia" beetle, Rodolia cardinalis. This species proved to be an immediate and spectacular success, and this success precipitated a wave of coccinellid introductions which included 46 species between 1891 and 1892, all brought or sent from Australia by Koebele (Hagen, 1974). Very few of these became established, and the interest in predaceous coccinellids waned in favor of parasitic Hymenoptera and, later, pestic~des. In the 1960's and 1970's coccinellids were again introduced in significant numbers with several useful establishments resulting. Table 1 gives a summary of the species introduced into Canada and the United States, and is an attempt to list all coccinellid species that have been introduced, whether established or not. This attempt has not been completely successful because of ineffective record keeping during much of the last 80 years, but is nearly complete for 1950-1983. Available records show that 179 species have been intentionally imported into North America; 8 species have become established through accidental introductions, 5 of these had been intentionally introduced but did not become established where released. A total of 26 species of foreign Coccinellidae are now definitely or possibly established in North America, 16 of these resulting from intentional releases. Following are summaries of those species of Coccinellidae known to be established in North America as a result of intentional or accidental introductions. Clausen (1956b), and Clausen et al. (1978), and Tables I and 2 should be consulted for additional details.
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Aphidecta obliterate (L.)
***species

Aphidecta obliterate has been imported from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Norway, and Sweden and released in Canada, the Pacific Northwest, and North Carolina for control of the balsam woolly adelgid. The only release resulting in establishment was from Germany into North Carolina in 1960-1963. It now occurs in the Mt. Mitchell area only.

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Azya orbigera orbigera Mulsant
***species

There are no records of attempts made to introduce A. orbigera into Florida. However, it is now definitely established in the Miami, Florida, area (1975 to date); providing yet another example of an apparent accidental introduction.Woodruff and Sailer (1977) reviewed the history of the genus regarding biocontrol efforts in Florida.

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Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.)
***species

Attempts to establish Chilocorus bipustulatus in California were made in 1905, 1915, and 1927 from Israel and Italy for control of the black scale, citrus scale, California red scale, etc. These attempts failed, but in 1951, C. bipustulatus was imported from Israel and released for control of the olive scale, this time with successful establishment. At present this species occurs in Fresno, Merced, and Madera counties, California, but the establishment may be tenuous.

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Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri
***species

Introduced into the United States from Japan and China a number of times since 1895 (as Chilocorus similis or kuwanae). Establishment resulted from an introduction made in 1924-1925. White peach scale, California red scale, and San Jose scale were the primary target hosts. At present C. kuwanae is known to occur in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, California.

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Coccinella septempunctata L.
***species

Attempts to establish C. septempunctata in the United States began in 1956 and continued through 1971. Material was obtained from France, India, Italy, Norway, and Sweden and released in several of the northeastern states, with an accompanying rearing program that produced material sent to several other states as far west as Arizona. All of these attempts apparently failed; however, specimens were collected in Bergen County, New Jersey, in 1973 and 1974. The species is now known to be established in several eastern states, but the origin of the New Jersey establishment is unknown. Subsequent laboratory rearing and shipments of specimens have resulted in establishment of C. septempunctata in Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maine, New York, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania. Coccinella septempunctata was released in New Brunswick in 1959-1960 without ensuing establishment; however, it is now established in Quebec due either to an accidental introduction or spread northward from Maine (Larochelle, 1979). New Jersey stock was also released in California, but apparently did not become established there (K Hagen, pers. comm.).

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Table 1. Species of Coccinellidae intentionally introduced into North America.



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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE

Table 1. Continued.



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Table 1. Continued.



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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE

Table 1. Continued.



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Table 1. Continued.



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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE

Table 1. Continued.



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JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 93(1)

Table 1. Continued.



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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE

Table 1. Continued.



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Table 1. Continued.



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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE

Table 1. Continued.



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Table 1. Continued.



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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE

Table 1. Continued.



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Table 1. Continued.



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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE

Table 1. Continued.



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Table 1. Continued.



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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE

Table 2. Species of foreign Coccinellidae recorded from North America (not intentionally introduced).



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JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 93(1)

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Coccinella undecimpunctata L.
***species

First discovered in 1912 in Massachusetts, C. undeczmpunctczta has been subsequently reported from the northeastern United States and southern Canada, in the vicinity of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, and as far north as Newfoundland; also from southern British Columbia. In 1965 it was discovered in the Seattle area of Washington. The native distribution is Eurasian; the North American populations are apparently the result of accidental introductions and subsequent spread.

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Cryptognatha nodiceps Marshall
***species

The introductions were made in 1936 and 1938 from Puerto Rico and Trinidad into south Florida (Miami) for use against the coconut scale. The species was recovered in 1940 and again in 1963. It is not certain whether it is actually established or not, but if so, then the population is evidently very low and cannot be considered as having any significant impact on pest populations at the present time. All available records are from the Miami area.

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Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant
***species

The introductions took place in 1891-1892 and 1930 from Australia into Califomia, primarily for control of the citrus mealybug; but C. montrouzieri is also a predator of mealybugs of the genus Pseudococcus and will attack related genera such as Phenacoccus and Ferrisia as well as the coccid genus Pulvinaria. Insectary reared material from California was released in Florida where the species became established, but attempts failed in Virginia in 1940-1941. A similar attempt also failed in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1908. C. montrouzieri is presently established in California and in central and southern Florida.

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Diomus pumilio Weise
***species

This Australian species has become established in California along the coast from the San Francisco Bay area to San Diego, apparently as a result of releases made in 1975 and 1978, although it was first imported and released in 1892. Attempts have been made to established it in eastern Canada (1958), North Carolina (1959), and Washington (1959-1960), all without success.

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Epilachna varivestis Mulsant
***species

The Mexican bean beetle is a native of Mexico that probably migrated north as a result of bean cultivation by Indians. It was first recorded in 1850 from the United States (New Mexico) and later the beetle was discovered at Birmingham, Alabama, in 1918. This latter introduction may have been a result of shipments of hay from the west. It now occurs from Quebec south to Florida, west to Idaho and to the Mexican border.

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Exochomus flavipes (Thunberg)
***species

Several attempts have been made to establish E. flavipes in California over the years, but only an introduction from South Africa in 1978 succeeded, although

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1985 NORTH AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE 31

tenuously. The beetle was introduced for control of Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot) and Pulvinaria delottoi Gill, 2 species of scales on ice plant. E. flavipes now occurs in the San Francisco Bay area.

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Exochomus metallicus (Korschefsky)
***species

This species is now established in Ventura County, California, from material introduced from Eritrea, Ethiopia, in 1954 for control of the citricola and black scales. Clausen et al. (1978) state that it is presently found in infestations of the citrus mealybug on host plants other than citrus.

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Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.)
***species

First introduced into Massachusetts from Europe in 1905-1906 for control of various lecaniine coccids; it was also imported into California from Italy in 1915, and 1927-1928. No establishment resulted from three Massachusetts releases, but it is now established in California where it feeds on several species of scale insects.

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Halmus chalybeus (Boisduval)
***species

This species was introduced into California as Orcus chalybeus from Australia in 1892 by Koebele and has been established in coastal southern California since. It was released on the black scale and will develop on both lecaniine and diaspine coccids. At present it is found mostly in infestations of the California red scale.

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Harmonia dimidiata (F.)
***species

The initial introduction as Leis dimidiata was from south China into California in 1924. It was released in 1925 for aphid control, but did not become established. A shipment sent to Florida from California in 1925 was released in 1926 with establishment resulting. In 1959 it was introduced into Oregon from India for control of the balsam woolly adelgid but did not become established. At present H. dimidiata occurs only in Florida.

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Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentota Mulsant
***species

This species was introduced into California from South Africa in 1978 for control of scales on ice plant. It presently occurs in the San Francisco Bay area but "has only a tenuous foothold" (Tassan et al., 1982).

Nephus (Sidis) binaevatus (Mulsant)
***species

This species was introduced into California from South Africa in 1921 for control of various mealybug species. It was released in 1922 and became established. At present it occurs only in coastal and southern California.

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Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.)
***species

In 1968 a population of this palearctic species was discovered in the vicinity of Montreal, Quebec, where it is apparently well established but still localized. Attempts to establish this species in the United States from 1971 to 1982 were unsuccessful.

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JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIALITY Vol. 93(1)

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Rhyzobius forestieri (Mulsant)
***species

This species has been misidentified as Rhyzobius ventralis Erichson, but Pope (1981) corrected the long standing error. The true R. ventralis was among material sent from Australia to California by Koebele in 1889, but did not become established. In 1892, another shipment thought to be "R. ventralis" was sent to California by Koebele, this time the releases became established the same year. This second shipment was composed of R. forestieri (Pope, 1951), a predator of the black scale on various plants. The beetle is presently known only from California.

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Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell)
***species

Rhyzobius lophanthae (formerly Lindorus lophanthae) was first introduced from Australia and established in 1892 for use against the black scale in California. It preys on various species of Coccidae, but especially on diaspines. The present distribution throughout most of the southern United States may be a result of introductions from California stock or subsequent unrecorded releases. Cressman (1933) recorded R. Iophanthae from New Orleans, Louisiana, as an effective predator of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), however, he gave no indication of introduction as being the population source. This species was also imported from South Africa in 1959 and released in Texas, but it may already have been established there.

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Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant)
***species

The vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, is the most famous introduced beneficial insect in history. Koebele sent it from Australia to California in 1888-1889 for use against the cottonycushion scale. It immediately became established and achieved a startling success that led to the wholesale introduction of many other ladybird beetles from Australia in ensuing years. At present it is established in California, south Texas, Louisiana, and Florida.

Scymnus (Pullus) impexus Mulsant
***species

Scymnus impexus has been introduced into Canada and the United States from Germany several times for control of the balsam woolly adelgid. It was released in New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia each year between 1951 and 1960, and persisted in small numbers through 1959. Early releases in British Columbia apparently were unsuccessful, but success was achieved from releases in 1960 and 1961 in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. In North Carolina this beetle may have become marginally established from releases in the early 1 960's, but at present this cannot be documented.

Scymnus (Pullus) suturalis Thunberg
***species

The first specimens reported from the United States were collected in Pennsylvania in 1972, but misidentified as Scymnus (Pullus) coni^Serarum Crotch (Gordon, 1976b). Subsequently the true identify was discovered (Gordon, 1982). The species is widely distributed in Pennsylvania with additional records from New York, Michigan, and Connecticut. The probable origin of this species is northern Europe possibly arriving

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with imported nursery stock. S. (P.) suturalis was released in Michigan in 1961,
but whether the present Michigan populations result from that release cannot be documented.

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Stethorus punctillum Weise
***species

Stethorus punctillum, a European species of this mite-feeding genus,
was fast reported in 1950 from Ontario and Massachusetts.
It is now known to occur in eastern North America from Massachusetts west to Wisconsin.
In the west it occurs in western Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.

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Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata (L.)
***species

This is one of 2 nonpredaceous (phytophagous) foreign coccinellids established in North America.
In the Old World S. 24-punctata is a serious pest of alfalfa. In North America it apparently will not feed on alfalfa;
instead it feeds primarily on bouncing bet, Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae).
The initial discovery of this species was made in 1973, in Bergen Co., New Jersey.
A subsequent survey in the eastern states showed that the beetle was much more widespread
and must have been established long before 1973. It is now known from 7 states:
Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.

The following tables list all known introductions of foreign Coccinellidae.
Table 1 deals with those intentionally imported, whether released or not,
and Table 2 lists those species accidentally introduced and established.
The species are listed under the currently accepted name or combination,
with the name it was introduced under in parentheses. The dates of importation
and release are given if known with the areas of release listed in the next column.
The literature citations are those from which the information presented for each species was gleaned.
The tables were compiled from various literature sources beginning with Essig (1931).
The major sources utilized for the period from 1931 to date were the California Biological Control Reports;
Clausen (1956b); Canadian Insect Pest Review; Clausen et al. (1978). In addition,
I am indebted to the following individuals for information and assistance:
K Hagen, University of California, Berkeley, Division of Biological Control, Albany;
R. Dysart and P. Schaefer, USDA Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory, Newark, Delaware;
J. Hall, Division of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside;
J. Coulson, USDA, Beneficial Insect Introduction Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland;
R. Fye, USDA Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Yakima, Washington;
J. Kelleher, Pesticide Information Liaison Section, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa;
R. Woodruff, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida.

SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT

Family Coccinellidae

Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807, p 70—Westwood, 1839, p. 395—Crotch, 1874b, p. 53—Weise, 1885a, p. 3—Casey, 1899, p. 71—Mader, 1926, p. 1—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 3—Wingo, 1952, p. 16—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 12—Belicek, 1976, p. 288.

Form usually oval to round, convex, sometimes elongate oval and weakly convex.

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Antenna usually 11-segmented, often reduced to 10, 9, 8, or 7 segments, more or less clubbed.
Apical segment of maxillary palpus triangular (securiforrn), or parallel sided, or conical.
Elytron not truncate, not striate.
Prosternal process distinctly separating transverse front coxae.
Mesepimeron reaching middle coxal cavity.
Abdomen with 5 or 6 visible sterna, 7th rarely visible.
First sternum of abdomen nearly always with postcoxal line.
Tarsus usually cryptotetramerous, often trimerous, rarely truly tetramerous.
Tibial spurs present or absent.
Tarsal claw simple or toothed.
Male genitalia with sclerotized sipho (aedeagus), trilobed phallobase.

The cryptotetramerous tarsi and presence of postcoxal lines on the first abdominal sternum will usually
enable a coccinellid to be recognized as such. In those species which lack postcoxal lines,
the maxillary palpi are strongly securiform and the tarsi are cryptotetramerous.
The curved, sclerotized aedeagus (the sipho) is a certain character for family recognition.

KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF COCCINELLIDAE NORTH OF MEXICO

1. Clypeus expanded laterally, shelflike, partially dividing eye (Fig. 3 a); dorsal surface not pubescent .... Chilocorinae (p. 602)
- Clypeus not expanded laterally, or if so, briefly and not shelflike; dorsal surface pubescent or not .... 2
2(1). Mandible multidenticulate epically (Fig. 3 c); antenna 11-segmented, inserted dorsally (Fig. 3 b); dorsal surface pubescent;
plant leaf feeders .........Epilachninae (p. 862)
- Mandible rarely multidenticulate epically, if so, then length less than 3.0 mm; antenna 11-segmented or not, insertion variable; dorsal surface pubescent or not; not plant leaf feeders .... 3
3(2). Apical segment of maxillary palpus conical or elongate oval (Fig. 3 d); mentum narrowly articulated with submentum; length less than 3.0 mm; middle coxal cavities broadly separated by articulation of meso- and metasterna .... Sticholotidinae (p. 34)
- Apical segment of maxillary palpus divergent apically (securiform) or nearly parallel sided, rarely slightly convergent epically; mentum not narrowly articulated with submentum; length often more than 2.0 mm; middle coxal cavities narrowly separated except broadly separated in Scymninae .... 4
4(3). Antenna short, 2/3 or less as long as head width; apical segment of maxillary palpus usually parallel sided or barrel shaped (Fig. 3 d, e), rarely securiform; middle coxal cavities broadly separated .... Scymninae (p. 74)
- Antenna long, usually more than 2/3 as long as head width, apical segment of maxillary palpus securiform (Fig. 3 f); middle coxal cavities narrowly separated .... 5
5(4). Dorsal surface pubescent .... Coccidulinae (p. 654) Dorsal surface glabrous .... Coccinellinae (p. 678)

Subfamily Sticholotidinae

Sticholotidinae Gordon, 1977, p. 186 (emendation).
Sticholotinae Weise, 1901,p.430—Sasaji, 1967,p.2—Sasaji, 1968,p. 19—J.Chapin, 1974, p. 13.

Small to medium-sized Coccinellidae; form hemispherical or elliptical.
Functional wings present or absent. Dorsally pubescent or not.
Head with apical segment of maxillary palpus more or less tapered, conical, barrel shaped or elongate oval; mentum
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#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 3 . a. Head of Chilocorus sp. b. Head of Epilachna sp. c. Epilachna mandible. d. Microweisea maxillary palpus.
## e. Hyperaspis maxillary palpus. f. Coccinella maxillary palpus. g. Coccidula antenna.
#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

and submentum narrowly joined.
Antenna usually inserted dorsally, with 7 to 11 segments, club with 1 to 5 segments.
Pronotum sometimes with line or ridge separating anterior angle from disc.
Anterior coxal cavities open behind.
Middle coxal cavities broadly separated.
Metendosternum with very broadly separated anterior tendons.
Abdomen with 5 or 6 visible sterna; male 9th sternum flat.
Tarsus trimerous or cryptotetramerous.
Female genital plate elongate, triangular.

The subfamily is principally characterized by the form of the terminal segment of the maxillary
palpus which is not securiform or distinctly broadened apically as is typical of the rest of the Coccinellidae.
The form of the maxillary palpus is an excellent distinguishing character for members of the
Serangiini, Microweisini, and Cephaloscymnini, but some members of tribes not occurring north of Mexico
have that segment more or less enlarged, approaching the typical coccinellid type.
Members of this subfamily are found throughout the tropical regions of the world with some genera and species
occurring also in temperate regions. The New World members of Sticholotidinae were treated by Gordon ( 1977);
see that paper for detailed discussion of taxonomy, phylogeny and zoogeography.
The Cephaloscymnini, new tribe, was not recognized as belonging in this subfamily when that paper (1977) was prepared,
and therefore they were not included. The detailed study of the morphology of the genus Cephaloscymnus
required for this study showed that Cephaloscymnus and

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related genera must be transferred to Sticholotidinae and a new tribe erected for them.
With this addition the tribes representing the subfamily north of Mexico are Serangiini, Microweisini, and Cephaloscymnini.

KEY TO TRIBES OF STICHOLOTIDINAE

1. Antennal club composed of a single knife-shaped or elongate-oval segment (Fig. 25 b); femur broad, flat, fitting into depressions on ventral surface; prosternum greatly expanded to conceal mouthparts (Fig. 25 a) .... Serangiini
- Antennal club composed of more than a single segment or if only one, then segment not knife-shaped; femur not broad or flat, ventral surface without depressions for legs; prosternum not greatly expanded, not concealing mouthparts .... 2
2(1). Dorsal surface pubescent; head large, exposed, directed centrally; eye large, narrow, elongate (Fig. 30 a) .... Cephaloscymini
- Dorsal surface apparently glabrous; head small, at least slightly concealed under pronoturn, usually directed forward; eye small, round or oval (Fig. 4 a) .... Microweisini

Tribe Microweisini

Microweisini Leng, 1920, p. 213—Wingo, 1952, p. 19—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 14— Sasaji, 1968, p. 20—Gordon, 1977, p. 200.
Pharini Casey, 1899, p. 110—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 209—Pope, 1962, p. 267 (in part) (type-genus preoccupied).

Sticholotidinae with dorsal surface usually not pubescent; if so, then hairs of uniform length; size minute.
Head capsule with prolonged Irons and clypeus emarginate around antennal insertion (Fig. 4 a);
eye small, facets ranging from extremely coarse to fine.
Mandible without apical or basal teeth.
Apical segment of maxillary palpus slender, tapered at apex (Fig. 4 b).
Antenna 7 to 10-segmented.
Pronotum with oblique anterolateral line inside anterolateral angle (Fig. 4 c) (except Gnathoweisea schwarzi).
Intercoxal process of prosternum broad, with anterior lobe (Fig. 4 d).
Leg simple, tibia unmodified. Tarsus cryptotetramerous or trimerous.
Functional wing present.
Abdomen with 6 visible sterna;
basal sternum with divided postcoxal line (Fig. 4 g).
Male genitalia asymmetrical, phallobase with unpaired, basal apodeme (Fig. 8 a).
Female spermathecal capsule bulbous (Fig. 8 d).

This tribe is represented by 8 genera that occur from southern Canada to Chile and Argentina
and is apparently restricted to the Western Hemisphere. Microweisini is a closely knit group of genera
agreeing quite well in all essential characteristics. The small size, characteristic habitus,
the almost universal presence of an anterolateral line on the pronotum, divided postcoxal line
and broad T-shaped intercoxal process of the prosternum serve to diagnose this tribe.
See Gordon (1977) for a discussion of all Western Hemisphere genera.

KEY TO GENERA OF MICROWEISINI

1. Head entirely concealed beneath pronotum (Fig. 20 d) .... Nipus Casey
- Head part ably or not at all concealed .... 2
2(1). Head deeply inserted in prothorax, extremely elongate, slender (Fig. 15 a) .... Gnathoweisea Gordon
- Head not deeply inserted in prothorax, not elongate (Fig. 4 a) .... 3

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#_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 4 . Microweisea sp. a. Head. b. Maxillary palpus. c. Pronotum. d. Posternum. e. Antenna. f. Leg. g. Postcoxal line.
#_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3(2). Antenna with 3-segmented club (Fig. 4 e) .... Microweisea Cockerell
- Antenna with 2-segmented club (Fig. 12 a) .... Coccidophilus Brethes

Genus Microweisea Cockerell

Microweisea Cockerell, 1903, p. 38 (new name for Epismilia Cockerell, 1900)— Wingo, 1952, p. 19—Pope, 1962, p. 637—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 15—Belicek, 1976, p. 296—Gordon, 1970d, p. 207—Gordon, 1977, p. 204. Type-species; Smilia felschei Weise, by monotypy.
Smilia Weise, 1891, p. 288 (not Germar, 1833)—Horn, 1895, p. 82—Blatchley, 1910, p. 524.
Epismilia Cockerell, 1900, p. 606 (not Fromental, 1861) (new name for Smilia Weise).
Pseudoweisea Schwarz, 1904, p. 118 (name made available by accident).

Microweisini with form elongate, oval; dorsum glabrous.
Head slightly prolonged

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anterior to antennal insertion (Fig. 4 a); eyes separated by 4 times the width of an eye. Apical segment of maxillary palpus elongate, slender, concical. Antenna with 7-segmented scape, 3-segmented club (Fig. 4 e). Prosternum with small anterior lobe. Tarsus trimerous (Fig. 4 f). Male genitalia asymmetrical, paramere reduced (Fig. 5 a).

There are 5 species of this genus described from north of Mexico, and I am aware of several undescribed species from Mexico and South America. Members of Microweisea are scale predators with available host records as follows; Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), Lepidosaphes sp., Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell), and Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock). The North American species of Microweisea were taxonomically treated by Gordon (1970d).

KEY TO SPECIES OF Microweisea

1. Elytron with a transverse median yellow or yellowish red band (Fig. 10 d) .... coccidivora (Ashmead)
- Elytron without a transverse median yellow band .... 2
2(1). Species occurring in California .... 3
- Species not occurring in California .... 4
3(2). Elytron light yellowish brown, suture narrowly piceous; head and pronotum piceous; surface of pronotum dull, strongly alutaceous .... suturalis (Schwarz)
- Elytron usually dark brown or piceous; unicolorous with head and pronotum; surface of pronotum somewhat shiny, feebly alutaceous .... misella (LeConte)
4(2). Form extremely elongate (Fig. 11 d); pronotum brown or yellowish brown, paler on anterolateral angle than on disc; Florida .... ovalis (LeConte)
- Form not extremely elongate; pronotum dark brown or piceous, anterolateral angle not paler than disc; not restricted to Florida .... 5
5(4). Pronotum distinctly punctured; head strongly alutaceous; distributed from southern Canada to Florida and Mexico .... misella (LeConte)
- Pronotum without apparent punctures; head shiny, not or very feebly alutaceous; Texas .... minuta (Casey)

Microweisea suturalis (Schwarz)
Fig. 5 a-d; Map, Fig. 9 d

Pseudoweisea suturalis Schwarz, 1904, p. 118.
Microweisea suturalis: Leng, 1920, p. 213—Gordon, 1970d, p. 209.
Pentilia suturalis: Korschefsky, 1932, p. 225.

Diagnosis. Length 1.0 to 1.10 mm, width 0.90 to 0.95 mm. Color piceous; elytron yellowish brown, elytral suture narrowly piceous (Fig. 5 d), ventral surface brown. Male genitalia as in Figure 5a-c.

Discussion. M. suturalis occurs only in California. The only species with which it might be confused is M. misella, but M. misella usually has a uniformly dark dorsal surface and the pronotum is mostly shiny and alutaceous; the pronotum of M. suturalis is strongly alutaceous, dull. The holotype is a male specimen in the USNM collection.

Type locality. Long Beach, California.

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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 5 . Microweisea suturalis. a. b. c. d.
#__________________________________________

Type depository.
USNM (7936).

Distribution.
Figure 9 . CALIFORNIA: Long Beach; Los Angeles Co.

Microweisea minuta (Casey)
Fig. 6 a-c; Map, Fig. 7

Smilia minuta Casey, 1899, p. 135.
Epismilia minuta: Cockerell, 1900, p. 606.
Microweisea minuta: Cockerell, 1903, p. 38—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Gordon, 1970d, p. 211.
Pentilia caseyi Korschefsky, 1931, p. 223 (unnecessary replacement name for minuta Casey).

Diagnosis.
Length 0.85 to 0.88 mm, width 0.55 to 0.60 mm.
Color piceous, ventral surface dark brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 6 a-c.
The small size will usually distinguish this species; see remarks under M. misella.
The type of M. minuta is a unique male in the Casey collection which must be considered the holotype.

Type locality.
Austin, Texas, on the Colorado River above Columbus.

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#_____________________________________
##Fig. 6 . Microweisea minuta. a. b. c.
#_____________________________________

Type depository.
USNM (35241)

Distribution.
Figure 7 . TEXAS: Austin; Brownsville; San Diego, Sinton.

Microweisea misella (LeConte)
Fig. 8 a-d; Map, Fig. 9

Pentilia misella LeConte, 1878a, p. 400\224Korschefsky, 1931, p. 224.
Smilia misella: Horn, 1895, p. 82\224Casey, 1899, p. 135\224Blatchley, 1910, p. 524.
Epismilia misella: Cockerell, 1900, p. 606.
Microweisea misella: Cockerell, 1903, p. 38\224Leng, 1920, p. 213\224Wingo, 1952, p. 19\224Gordon, 1970d, p. 211\224J. Chapin, 1974, p. 15
\224Belicek, 1976, p. 297.

Diagnosis.
Length 0.98 to 1.45 mm, width 0.70 to 1.05 mm.
Color entirely piceous.
Male genitalia as in Figure 8 a-c.
Female genitalia as in Figure 8 d.

Discussion.
This is the most widely distributed member of the genus, having been recorded from most areas of the United States
and part of southern Canada. This species and M. minuta are similar in appearance, but M. misella has distinct
pronotal punctures that are lacking in M. minuta, and nearly all specimens of M. misella are obviously larger
than the largest specimens of M. minuta. The male genitalia afford a certain means of separating these 2 species.
There are 8 specimens in the LeConte collection that I consider types, the first of these, a male labeled "D.C./Type 6702

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#__________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 7 . Distribution. M. minuta (dot); M. coccidivora (shaded); M. ovalis (star).
#__________________________________________________________________________________

(red paper)/pentilia misella Zim.", I designate and label the lectotype.
The remaining 7 specimens are designated as paralectotypes.

Type locality.
Washington, D.C. (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
MCZ.

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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 8 . Microweisea misella. a. b. c. d.
#__________________________________________

Distribution.
Figure 9 . Southeastern Canada to Florida and east Texas, west to British Columbia and northern California.

Top

Microweisea coccidivora (Ashmead)
Fig. 10 a-d; Map, Fig. 7

Hyperaspidius coccidivora Ashmead, 1880, p. 10.
Smilia coccidivora: Horn, 1895, p. 82—Casey, 1899, p. 135.
Epismilia coccidivora: Cockerell, 1900, p. 606.
Microweisea coccidivora: Cockerell, 1903, p. 38—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Gordon, 1970d, p. 212.
Pentilia coccidivora: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 223.

Diagnosis.
Length 0.80 to 1.0 mm, width 0.60 to 0.70 mm.
Color yellowish red;
elytral base and apex dark brown, transverse median area yellowish brown (Fig. 10 d), ventral surface and leg yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 10 a-b.

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#________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 9 . Distribution. Microweisea misella (shaded); M. suturalis (dot).
#________________________________________________________________________

Discussion.
This is the only described species of the genus possessing a distinctive dorsal color pattern
which allows it to be easily recognized.

Type locality.
Orlando, Florida (neotype designated by Gordon, 1970d).

Type depository.
USNM (70409). Distribution. Figure 7 . Florida; Georgia; South Carolina

Top

Microweisea ovalis (LeConte)
Fig. 11 a-d; Map, Fig. 7

Pentilia ovalis LeConte, 1878a, p. 400—Korschefsky, 1932, p. 225.
Smilia ovalis: Horn, 1895, p. 82.
Epismilia ovalis: Cockerell, 1900, p. 66.
Microweisea ovalis: Cockerell, 1903, p. 38—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Gordon, 1970d, p. 213.
Smilia felschei Weise, 1891, p. 288—Horn, 1895, p. 82.
Microweisea felschei: Leng, 1920, p. 13.

Diagnosis.
Length 0.95 to 1.05 mm, width 0.50 to 0.63 mm.
Form extremely elongate (Fig. lid).
Color brown; elytral suture piceous, anterior pronotal angle, venter, and leg yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 11 a-c.

Discussion.
The elongate form and pale pronotum distinguish M. ovalis from M. suturalis which it most nearly resembles.
LeConte had more than one type specimen, but only one remains in his collection.
This male labeled "Haulover, Fla, II-10/977/ Type 6699^tred paper)/Pentilia ovalis Lee."
is designated and labeled the lectotype.

Type specimen(s) of S. felschei have not been examined.
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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 10 . Microweisea coccidivora. a. b. c. d.
#______________________________________________

Type locality.
Of ovalis, Haulover, Florida (lectotype here designated); offelschei, Florida.

Type depository.
Of ovalis, MCZ; offelschei, probably MNHUB (not examined).

Distribution.
Figure 7 . FLORIDA: Baldwin; Biscayne; Citrus City; Haulover, St. Lucie; Tallahassee; Tampa. GEORGIA: Sapelo Island.

Genus Coccidophilus Brethes

Coccidophilus Brethes, 1905, p. 76—Costa Lima, 1941, p. 409—Pope, 1 962,p. 628— Gordon, 1970d, p. 213—Gordon, 1977, p. 203. Type-species; Coccidophilus citricola Brethes, by monotype and original designation.
Cryptoweisea Gordon, 1970d, p. 213—Gordon, 1977, p. 215. Type-species; Pentilia marginata LeConte, by original designation.

Diagnosis.
Microweisini with form elongate, oval;
dorsum apparently glabrous.
Head slightly prolonged anterior to antennal insertion;
eyes separated by 4 times the width of an eye;
frons often with 2 interocular depressions.
Apical segment of maxillary palpus elongate, conical (Fig. 12 b).
Antenna with 7-segmented scape and 2segmented club (Fig. 12 a).
Prosternum with small anterior lobe (Fig. 12 c).
Tarsus trimerous.
Male genitalia asymmetrical, paramere reduced (Fig. 12 e).
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#_________________________________________
##Fig. 11 . Microweisea ovalis. a. b. c. d.
#_________________________________________

Discussion.
There are 4 described species in this genus and 2 of these occur north of Mexico.
It is difficult to separate Coccidophilus from Microweisea without counting the antennal club segments,
but species of Coccidophilus often have 2 depressions on the frons between the eyes.
These depressions are quite apparent in C. marginata, but feeble and difficult to detect in C. atronitens.
Members of Coccidophilus are scale predators with available host records as follows:
Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman); Aspidiotus sp.;
Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell); Pseudaulacaspis pentagons (Targioni-Tozzetti); Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.).
The North American species of Coccidophilus were taxonomically treated by Gordon (1970d)
under the generic name of Cryptoweisea.

KEY TO SPECIES OF Coccidophilus

1. Punctures on elytron coarse, dense, separated by the diameter of a puncture or less; form slender, elongate (Fig. 14 d); northern and eastern U.S. and southeastern Canada .... marginata (LeConte)
- Punctures on elytron fine, separated by 2 or 3 times the diameter of puncture; form oval (Fig. 12 d); western United States .... atronitens (Casey)
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#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 12 . Coccidophilus sp. a. Antenna. b. Maxillary palpus. c. Prosternum. d-h. Coccidophilus atronitens.
#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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#______________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 13 . Distribution. Coccidophilus atronitens (shaded); C. marginata (dot).
#______________________________________________________________________________

Top

Coccidophilus atronitens (Casey)
Fig. 12 d-h; Map, Fig. 13

Smilia atronitens Casey, 1899, p. 135.
Epismilia atronitens Cockerell, 1900, p. 606.
Microweisea atronitens: Cockerell, 1903, p. 38—Leng, 1920, p. 213.
Pentilia atronitens: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 223.
Cryptoweisea atronitens: Gordon, 1970d, p. 215.
Coccidophilus atronitens: Gordon, 1977, p. 187.
Smilia reversa Fall, 1901, p. 231.
Microweisea reversa: Leng, 1920, p. 213.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.10 to 1.20 mm, width 0.90 to 0.9S mm.
Form oval (Fig. 12 d).
Color dark brown; epipleuron and leg yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 12 e-g.
Female genitalia as in figure 12h.

Discussion.
This species is smoother, more polished in appearance than C. marginata,
and the dorsal punctation is very fine rather than coarse as in C. marginata.
The 2 species are strongly allopatric. There are 6 types of S. atronitens in the Casey collection,
all from the same locality. The first of these, a female, is here designated and labeled the lectotype,
the remainder are designated and labeled as paralectotypes.

Type specimens of S. reversa are in the Fall collection in the MCZ.

Type locality.
Of atronitens Siskiyou Co., California (lectotype here designated);
of reversa, Lake Tahoe, San Bernardino Mts., California (lectotype not designated).

Type depository.
Of atronitens USNM (35240);
of reversa, MCZ.

Distribution.
Figure 13 . Colorado and Arizona to Oregon and California.
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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 14 . Coccidophilus marginata. a. b. c. d.
#______________________________________________

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Coccidophilus marginata (LeConte)
Fig. 14 a-d; Map, Fig. 13

Pentilia marginata LeConte, 1878a, p. 400—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 224.
Smilia marginata: Horn, 1895, p. 82—Casey, 1899, p. 135.
Epismilia marginata: Cockerell, 1903, p. 38.
Microweisea marginata: Cockerell, 1903, p. 38—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Wingo, 1952, p. 27—Belicek, 1976, p. 297.
Cryptoweisea marginata: Gordon, 1970d, p. 215. Coccidophilus marginata: Gordon, 1977, p. 203.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.20 to 1.25 mm, width 0.70 to 1.00 mm.
Form elongate (Fig. 14 d). Color light brown; epipleuron yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 14 a-b.

Discussion.
The 2 interocular depressions on the frogs are usually pronounced in

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this species, feeble or absent in C. atronitens; and C. marginata is much more coarsely punctured
dorsally than C. atronitens (see remarks under C. atronitens). LeConte apparently had one type specimen
which must be considered the holotype. This male in his collection is labeled
"Marquette, Mich., 29-6/Type 6701(red paper)/Pentilia marginata LeC."

Type locality.
Marquette, Michigan.

Type depository.
MCZ.

Distribution.
Figure 13 . MAINE: Mt. Katahdin. MICHIGAN: Marquette. NEW JERSEY: Anglesea; Burlington Co. NEW YORK: Ithaca; Mt. Whiteface. PENNSYLVANIA: Blair Co., Duncansville, Indiana Co., Shelocta; Philadelphia.

Genus Gnathoweisea Gordon

Gnathoweisea Gordon, 1970a, p. 47—Gordon, 1977, p. 204. Type-species; Smilia planiceps Casey, by original designation.

Microweisini with form elongate, oval, pronotum partially covering head;
dorsum nearly glabrous, short, sparse pubescence present.
Head elongate anterior to antennas insertion, lateral border margined (Fig. 15 a);
eyes separated by 6 times the width of an eye, very coarsely faceted.
Apical segment of maxillary palpus elongate, slender, conical.
Antenna with 6-segmented scape, 3-segmented club (Fig. 15 b).
Prosternum with or without anterior lobe.
Postcoxal line as in Figure 15 d.
Tarsus trimerous.
Male genitalia asymmetrical, paramere somewhat reduced.

Two species have previously been placed in this genus, and four species are described here.
The extremely elongate head is the most obvious characteristic of Gnathoweisea,
but the 9-segmented antenna with a small, compact club is equally distinctive within this tribe.
The head is deeply inserted within the prothorax, the intercoxal process is lobed anteriorly and
protrudes ventrally except in G. schwarzi. No host data is available,
but members of this genus are undoubtedly scale predators, probably on diaspine scales.
The species of Gnathoweisea were reviewed by Gordon (1970a),
and the genus was discussed again by Gordon (1977).

KEY TO SPECIES OF GNATHOWEISEA

1. Pronotum without oblique line across anterolateral angle; prosternum not lobed anteriorly; anterior border of mesosternum raised (Fig. 15 c) .... schwarzi Gordon
- Pronotum with oblique line across anterolateral angle; prosternum lobed anteriorly; anterior border of mesosternum flat .... 2
2(1). Length 1.20 mm or more .... hageni, n. sp.
- Length 1.10 mm or less .... 3
3(2). Head extremely elongate, abruptly narrowed between hind margin of eye and antennal insertion; Nevada .... ferox, n. sp.
- Head shorter, not abruptly narrowed; not known from Nevada .... 4
4(3). Dorsal color light brown; elytral punctures fine, lightly impressed; pronotal surface feebly alutaceous .... micula, n. sp.
- Dorsal color brown to black; elytral punctures coarse, distinctly impressed; pronotal surface strongly alutaceous .... 5
5(4). Elytral punctures separated by a diameter or less: Arizona, California .... planiceps (Casey)
- Elytral punctures separated by more than a diameter, Texas .... texana, n. sp.
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#________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 15 . Gnathoweisea sp. a. Head. b. Antenna. c. Metasternurn. d. Postcoxal line. e, f. Gnathoweisea schwarzi.
#________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Top

Gnathoweisea schwarzi Gordon
Fig. 15 c, e, f; Map, Fig. 17

Gnathoweisea schwarzi Gordon, 1970a, p. 50.

Diagnosis.
Length 0.98 to 1.03 mm,
width 0.70 to 0.75 mm.
Color medium brown except pronotum often dark brown or piceous.
Male genitalia as in Figure 15 e, f.
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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 16 . Gnathoweisea planiceps. a. b. c.
#__________________________________________

Discussion.
This species differs from the other members of the genus in having the prosternum not at all lobed in front and
the apex of the mesosternum raised to form a ventrally directed ridge (Fig. 15 c).
The intercoxal process of the prostemum is also much narrower than in the other 2 species.

Type locality.
Williams, Arizona.

Type depository.
USNM (70406).

Distribution.
Figure 17 . ARIZONA: type locality.

Top

Gnathoweisea planiceps (Casey)
Fig. 16 a-c; Map, Fig. 17

Smilia planiceps Casey, 1899, p. 135.
Microweisea planiceps Cockerell, 1903, p. 38—Leng, 1920, p. 213.
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Pentilia planiceps: Korschefsky, 1932, p. 225.
Gnathoweisea planiceps: Gordon, 1970a, p. 50.

Diagnosis.
Length 0.85 to 1.10 mm,
width 0.72 to 0.78 mm.
Color dark brown or piceous.
Male genitalia as in Figure 16 a, b.
Female genitalia as in Figure 16 c.

Discussion.
This species was previously known only from California, but I have seen several specimens from Arizona
that are apparently G. planiceps. For comparative remarks see the discussion under G. ferox, n. sp.
There are 2 type specimens of S. planiceps in the Casey collection.
The first of these, a male, is here designated and labeled the lectotype;
the other specimen is designated and labeled a paralectotype.

Type locality.
Southern California (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
USNM (35242).

Distribution.
Figure 17 . ARIZONA: Bright Angel Camp; Huachucha Mts., Millers Canyon; Hot Springs; Pima Co., Santa Rita Exp. Range; Santa Rita Mts.; Madera Canyon. CALIFORNIA: Argus Mts.; Pomona; Riverside Co., Sage.

Gnathoweisea texana, new species
Map, Fig. 17

Description.
Female, length 1.0 mm, width 0.72 mm.
Form elongate, oval.
Color dark brown, head and pronotum nearly black.
Head alutaceous, feebly shiny, nearly impunctate; moderately prolonged anterior to eye, sides parallel.
Pronotum dull, alutaceous, meshes small, punctures fine, indistinct, separated by one to 3 times a diameter.
Elytron shiny, punctures coarse, separated by slightly more than a diameter.
Ventral surface smooth medially, lateral portion of metasternum and entire abdomen alutaceous.

Holotype.
Female. TEXAS: Bell Co., Co. Rd., 4 ml. E. Heidenheimer, Barton Weems Farm, 26 Jun. 1978, coil. Robbins & Critchfield. USNM(101326).

This species closely resembles G. planiceps, but the elytral punctures are less dense in planiceps.
The only specimen examined is a female, therefore no genitalic comparisons are possible.
The specific name refers to the state in which the holotype was collected.

Gnathoweisea micula, new species
Map, Fig. 17

Description.
Female, length 1.05 mm, width 0.80 mm.
Form elongate, oval.
Color light brown; head, pronotum, and ventral surface slightly darker brown.
Head shiny, feebly alutaceous, impunctate; short anterior to eye and slightly widened.
Pronotum feebly alutaceous, somewhat shiny, punctures fine, indistinct, separated by less than to twice a diameter.
Elytron shiny, punctures feebly impressed, separated by one to 3 times a diameter.
Ventral surface smooth medially, lateral portion of metasternum and entire abdomen alutaceous.

Holotype.
Female. NEW MEXICO: Deming, July 11-12, 4,300-4,400 ft., Wickham. USNM (101327).

Paratypes.
Total 2 (females) (Fig. 17 ). ARIZONA: Adamana, 7-V-03, HS Barber collector; Walnut, Wickham. (USNM).
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#_________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 17 . Distribution. Gnathoweisea schwarzi (triangle); G. planiceps (dot);
## G. texana (open circle); G. micula (star); G. hageni (circled star); G. ferox (square).
#_________________________________________________________________________________________

The pale color of G. micula and the feeble alutaceous sculpture on the head and pronotum are diagnostic characters.
The head anterior to the eye is very short, and the sides are not parallel but slightly widened.
The only other known species with similar tendencies is G. hageni, n. sp.
Only females of this species have been ex-
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#_____________________________
##Fig. 18 Gnathoweisea hageni.
#_____________________________


amined. The specific epithet is from the Latin mica, meaning crumb, or morsel, and refers to the small size.

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Gnathoweisea hageni , new species
Fig. 18 ; Map, Fig. 17

Description.
Female, length 1.50 mm, width, 1.0 mm.
Form elongate, oval.
Color brown; head and pronotum dark brown.
Head alutaceous, slightly shiny, punctures fine, separated by 2 to 3 times a diameter;
short anterior to eye and strongly widened.
Pronotum feebly alutaceous, shiny, punctures distinct, separated by one to 3 times a diameter.
Elytron shiny, punctures coarse, separated by 2 to 4 times a diameter.
Ventral surface smooth medially, lateral portion of metasternum and entire abdomen alutaceous.
Genitalia as in Figure 18 .

Variation.
Length 1.25 to 1.50 mm, width 0.90 to 1.0 mm.
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#______________________________________
##Fig. 19 . Gnathoweisea ferox. a. b. c.
#______________________________________

Holotype.
Female. CALIFORNIA: Yuba Co., Bullards Bar, II-1956, K S. Hagen Collector. USNM (101328).

Paratypes.
Total 2 (females) (Fig. 17 ). CALIFORNIA: same data as holotype (KSH).

This is the largest species of Gnathoweisea known. The head is short as in G. micula,
and the pronotal punctures are distinctly visible. All specimens examined are females.
The species is named for Kenneth Hagen, the collector,
and one who has contributed much to the biosystematics of Coccinellidae.

Top

Gnathoweisea ferox , new species
Fig. 19 a-c; Map, Fig. 17

Description.
Male, length 1.0 mm, width 0.72 mm.
Form elongate, oval.
Color dark brown; head and pronotum black; leg piceous; epipleuron yellowish brown.
Head dull, strongly alutaceous, nearly impunctate;
extremely elongate, abruptly narrowed between hind margin of eye and antennal insertion.
Pronotum dull, alutaceous, meshes very small, punctures very fine, indistinct, separated by one to 4 times a diameter.
Elytron shiny, densely, coarsely punctured, punctures separated by a diameter or less.
Ventral surface smooth medially, lateral portion of metasternum and entire abdomen alutaceous.
Genitalia as in Figure 19 a-c.

Holotype.
Male. NEVADA: Churchill Co., 6 mi. east of Frenchman, 16-VI-1973, Stephen J. Chaplin. USNM(101329).

Paratypes.
Total 9 (Fig. 17 ). Same data as holotype except 3 dated 22 Aug. 1972. (USNM).
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Gnathoweisea ferox appears to have the head more strongly tapered
(narrowed from the hind margin of the eyes to the antennal insertion)
than the other members of the genus. The specific epithet is from the Latin meaning fierce,
and refers to the forbidding appearance of the head and mouthparts.

Genus Nipus Casey

NipusCasey,1899,p.132—Leng,1920,p.213—Korschefsky,1931,p.175—Gordon, 1970f, p. 71—Gordon, 1977, p. 208. Type-species; Nipus biplagiatus Casey, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Microweisini with form oval;
dorsum glabrous or partially pubescent;
pronotum usually completely concealing head (Fig. 20 d).
Head strongly elongate anterior to antennal insertion but not as elongate as in Gnathoweisea;
eyes separated by 3 times the width of an eye.
Apical segment of maxillary palpus elongate, somewhat conical.
Antenna with 7-segmented scape, 3-segmented club (Fig. 20 a).
Prosternum with anterior lobe pronounced, semicircular, nearly concealing mouthparts ventrally (Fig. 20 b).
Postcoxal line as in Figure 20 c.
Tarsus trimerous.
Male genitalia asymmetrical, paramere reduced.

This genus contains 4 species occurring in the southwestern United States.
Nipus is readily distinguished from other genera of Microweisini
because the head is almost always completely concealed beneath the pronotum.
The partially concealed head found in Gnathoweisea is the only remotely similar condition known.
The species of Nipus were reviewed by Gordon (1970f), and the genus was discussed again by Gordon (1977).
The only host record for this genus is that of N. biplagiatus preying upon Ehrhornia cupressi (Ehrhorn),
but all members of the genus are undoubtedly scale predators.

KEY TO SPECIES OF Nipus

1. Elytron with a pale red or yellow spot, or red or yellow band (Fig. 20 d)
- Elytron without pale spot or band .... 3
2(1). Form elongate, parallel sided (Fig. 20 d); California .... biplagiatus Casey
- Form elongate, oval, not parallel sided (Fig. 24 ); Arizona, Utah .... occiduus Gordon
3(1). Form narrow, elongate (Fig. 21 ); pronotum dull, strongly alutaceous; punctures on elytron extremely coarse; California .... niger Casey
- Form oval (Fig. 23 ); pronotum shiny, feebly alutaceous; punctures on elytron fine; Arizona, Colorado .... planatus Gordon

Top

Nipus biplagiatus Casey
Fig. 20 d-f; Map, Fig. 22

Nipus biplagiatus Casey, 1899, p. 133—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Herbert, 1920, p. 18— Schilder, 1928, p. 237—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 175—Gordon, 1970f, p. 72.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.25 to 1.50 mm, width 0.75 to 0.82 mm.
Form elongate, parallel-sided, abruptly narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 20 d).
Color piceous; large median area of elytron and anterior margin of pronotum yellow, ventral surface yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 20 e, f.
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#____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 20 . Nipus biplagiatus. a. Antenna. b. Prosternum. c. Postcoxal line. d. Habitus; e, f. male genitalia.
#____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Discussion.
This species is known only from California and resembles N. occiduus which apparently does not occur in California.
In addition to the key characters, N. ^Occiduus is smaller and not as coarsely punctured as N. biplagiatus.
In the Casey collection is a unique female which must be considered the holotype of N. biplagiatus.

Type locality.
Los Angeles, California.

Type depository.
USNM (35224).
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Distribution.
Figure 22 . CALIFORNIA: Contra Costa Co., Vine Hill; Los Angeles; Los Gatos; Orange Co., Costa Mesa; San Bernardino; Upland.

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Nipus niger Casey
Fig. 21 ; Map, Fig. 22

Nipus niger Casey, 1899, p. 133—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 176—Gordon, 1970f, p. 73.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.05 to 1.10 mm, width 0.70 to 0.74 mm.
Form elongate, oval, gradually narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 21 ).
Color brownish piceous; anterior margin of pronotum yellowish brown, ventral surface brown.

Discussion.
No males of this species were available for study. Nipus niger is most similar to N. planatus,
but the key characters will readily separate the 2 species.
A unique female in the Casey collection must be considered the holotype of N. niger.

Type locality.
Sonoma Co., California.

Type depository.
USNM (35225).

Distribution.
Figure 22 . CALIFORNIA: Humboldt Co.; Los Gatos; Sonoma Co.

Top

Nipus planatus Gordon
Fig. 23 ; Map, Fig. 22

Nipus planatus Gordon, 1970f, p. 74.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.19 to 1.24 mm, width 0.81 to 0.84 mm.
Form elongate, oval, evenly narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. 23 ).
Color brown; anterior and lateral borders of pronotum yellowish brown, mouthparts and leg yellowish brown.

Type locality.
Salida, Colorado.

Type depository.
USNM (70851).

Distribution.
Figure 22 . ARIZONA: Bright Angel Camp. COLORADO: Salidla.

Top

Nipus occiduus Gordon
Fig. 24 ; Map, Fig. 22

Nipusocciduus Gordon, 1970f, p. 75.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.20 to 1.24 mm, width 0.75 to 0.78 mm.
Form oval (Fig. 24 ).
Color piceous; elytron with yellow spot occupying 1/2 to 2/3 of elytron, anterior margin of pronotum yellowish brown.

Discussion.
See comparative remarks under N. biplagiatus.

Type locality.
Wasatch, Utah.

Type depository.
USNM (70852).

Distribution.
Figure 22 . ARIZONA: Chiricahua Mts.; Huachucha Mts., Millers Canyon; Oracle; Santa Rita Mts; Williams. UTAH: Wasatch.

Tribe Serangiini

Serangiini Blackwelder,1945,p.450—Pope,1962,p.627—Sasaji,1967,p.2—Sasaji, 1968, p. 20—Gordon, 1970e, p. 356—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 13—Belicek, 1976, p. 292—Gordon, 1977, p. 208.
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#______________________
##Fig. 21 . Nipus niger.
#______________________

Sticholotidinae with form compact; dorsally pubescent or not.
Head slightly prolonged anterior to antennal insertion, emarginate around insertion; eye coarsely faceted (Fig. 25 a).
Apical segment of maxillary palpus either elongate and conical, or short and barrel shaped.
Antenna 8 or 9-segmented, club composed of a single segment (Fig. 2 Sb).
Prosternum strongly lobed anteriorly, concealing mouthparts (Fig. 25 a), notched on each side for reception of antenna.
Epipleuron with fovea for reception of leg. Leg received in deep cavity on ventral surface;
at least front femur broad, flat, concealing tibia when leg retracted;
at least front tibia angulate externally.
Tarsus cryptotetramerous or trimerous.
Abdomen with 5 visible sterna. Postcoxal line on first abdominal sternum complete (Fig. 25 c).
Male genitalia asymmetrical, paramere reduced.
Female genitalia lacking infundibulum.

This tribe presently contains 6 genera, 5 of which are native to the Old World.
Delphastus is the only native American representative of the tribe with 12 species occurring from Canada to Argentina.
Catana clauseni Chapin occurs in Cuba, but was introduced from Indonesia in 1930 for biocontrol of the citrus blackfly,
Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby. Serangiini is a closely knit group of genera, highly distinctive in appearance.
The strongly lobed prosternum that conceals the mouthparts and has a notch on each side for reception of the
antenna is the most striking characteristic; in addition, the ventral surface is deeply foveate for reception of the legs,
and at least the anterior leg is broad, flattened.
See Gordon (1977) for further discussion of the genera occurring in the Western Hemisphere.
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#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 22 . Distribution. Nipus biplagiatus (dot); N. niger (star); N. planatus (square); N. occiduus (open circle).
#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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#_________________________
##Fig. 23 . Nipus planatus.
#_________________________

Genus Delphastus Casey

Delphastus Casey, 1899, p. 111—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p 220— Chapin, 1940, p. 264—Wingo, 1952, p. 22—J. Chapin, 1974, p.13—Belicek, 1976, p. 292—Gordon, 1970e, p. 357—Gordon, 1977, p. 209. Type-species; Oeneis pusillus LeConte, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Serangiini with form hemispherical, slightly elongate.
Head with apical segment of maxillary palpus slender, somewhat conical.
Antenna 9-segmented (Fig. 25 b).
Elytron without sutural line.
Epipleuron not descending externally.
Leg with femur broad; tibia angulate externally.
Tarsus trimerous.

There are only 3 species of this genus described from the area north of Mexico; the remaining 9 described species occur
from Mexico and the West Indies to Argentina. Members of Delphastus are known as predators on whiteflies (Aleurodidae)
with available host records as follows: Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby; Pelius kelloggi (Bemis); Trialeurodes floridensis (Quaintance);
Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead); and Dialeurodes citrifolii (Morgan). However, a series of a species of Delphastus in the
USNM collection bears the host data "on Asterolecanium miliaris (Boisduval)", a pit scale. Kamiya (1966) records
Serangium japonicum japonicum Chapin as feeding on the soft scales Ceroplastes rubens Maskell and Ceroplastes japonicus Green
in Japan. It appears that members of the Serangiini feed on both whiteflies and scale insects. The species of Delphastus
were taxonomically treated by Gordon (1970e).
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#_________________________
##Fig. 24 . Nipus occiduus.
#_________________________

KEY TO SPECIES OF Delphastus

1. Length less than 1.10 mm; color pale reddish yellow; Florida .... pallidus (LeConte)
- Length more than 1.30 mm; color light reddish brown to black; not restricted to Florida .... 2
2(1). Prosternal lobe densely, coarsely punctate; California .... catalinae (Horn)
- Prosternal lobe smooth; not restricted to California .... pusillus (LeConte)

Top

Delphastus pallidus (LeConte)
Fig. 25 e, g; Map, Fig. 27

Oeneis pallidus LeConte, 1878a, p. 400.
Cryptognatha pallida: Horn, 1895, p. 83.
Delphastus pallidus: Casey, 1899, p. 112—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Blatchley, 1924, p. 167—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 220—Gordon, 1970e, p. 360.

Diagnosis.
Length 0.90 to 1.05 mm, width 0.70 to 0.80 mm.
Color pale reddish yellow except leg yellow.
Male genitalia as in Figure 25 e, g.

Discussion.
This small, pale species is readily recognizeable by the key characters.
The type is a unique female in the LeConte collection labeled
"Sand Pt. Fla, 18-2/ 979/Type 6696(red paper)/Oeneis pallidus LeC."
which must be considered the holotype.

Type locality. Sand Point, Florida.

Type depository. MCZ.
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#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 25 . Delphastus pallidus. a. Head and prosternum. b, Antenna. c. Postcoxal line. d-g. Male genitalia.
#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Distribution Figure 27 . FLORIDA: Homestead; Lake Alfred; Miami; Orlando; Pasco Co.; Sand Point; Volusia Co.

Top

Delphastus catalinae (Horn)
Fig. 26 a-d; Map, Fig. 27

Cryptognatha catalinae Horn, 1895, p. 83.
Delphastuscatalinae: Casey, 1899, p. 112—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 220—Gordon, 1970e, p. 365.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.40 to 1.50 mm, width 1.10 to 1.18 mm.
Color medium reddish brown, median area of pronotum slightly darker, legs and head of male pale yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 26 a-d.
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#______________________________
##Fig. 26 . Delphastus catalyze.
#______________________________

Discussion.
The coarsely punctured prosternal lobe distinguishes this species from other North American Delphastus.
In addition, D. catalinae is broader and usually paler in color than D. pusillus which it most closely resembles.
The type is a unique female in the Horn collection labeled
"Catalina Cal., 7-21-94/Holotype 3169(red paper)/Cryptognatha catalinae H."
which must be considered the holotype.

Type locality.
Catalina, southern California.

Type depository.
MCZ.

Distribution.
Figure 27 . CALIFORNIA: Catalina; Los Angeles Co., Oak Canyon, Tanbark Flat; Pasadena, San Antonio Canyon; Santa Barbara.

Top

Delphastus pusillus (LeConte)
Fig. 28 a-c; Map, Fig. 27

Oeneis pusilla LeConte, 1852, p. 135—Crotch, 1873, p. 377.
Cryptognatha pusilla: Crotch, 1874b, p. 207—Horn, 1895, p. 83.
Delphastus pusillus: Casey, 1899, p. 112—Blatchley, 1910, p. 519—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Wingo, 1952, p. 45—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 14—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 220— Gordon, 1970e, p. 367.
Oeneis puncticollis LeConte, 1852, p. 135—Crotch, 1873, p. 377 (as female of pusilla).
Cryptognatha puncticollis: Crotch, 1874b, p. 207—Horn,1895, p. 83.
Delphastus pusillus var. puncticollis: Casey, 1899, p. 112—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 220.
Delphastus puncticollis: Gordon, 1970e, p. 367.
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#____________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 27 . Distribution. Delphastus pallidus (dot); D. catalinae (open circle); D. pusillus (shaded).
#____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Delphastus sonoricus Casey, 1899, p. 112—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 221—Gordon, 1970e, p. 367.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.40 to 1.60 mm, width 1.10 to 1.20 mm.
Color black; prosternum and leg yellow, male with head and lateral margin of pronotum yellow.
Male genitalia as in Figure 28 a, b.
Female genitalia as in Figure 28 c.

Discussion.
Delphastus pusillus is a widely distributed, variable species. The color pattern described above was taken
from a Maryland specimen which agrees quite well with LeConte's original description.
The southwestern U.S. specimens are usually dark brown rather than black and the males
do not have lighter colored pronotal margins, it was to this form that Casey gave the name D. sonoricus.
The brown form prevails south through Mexico and Central America with an occasional population from a
coastal locality exhibiting the color pattern of typical D. pusillus. Its range appears to be continuous
into South America at least as far as Peru.

I consider the three specimens of D. pusillus that remain in the LeConte collection type material.
The first of these, a male labeled "(orange disc)/ /Type 6697(red paper)/ Oe. pusilla LeC.",
I designate and label the lectotype. The second, bearing only an orange disc, and the third bearing
a pink disc are designated as paralectotypes. LeConte apparently had only one example of O. puncticollis,
and this specimen in his collection labeled "(orange disc)/Type 6698/Oeneis puncticollis LeC." must be
considered the holotype. Casey had 6 type specimens from southern Arizona and southern California.
I designate and label a male as the lectotype and the remainder as paralectotypes.
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#_______________________________________
##Fig. 28 . Delphastus pusillus. a. b. c.
#_______________________________________

Type locality.
Of pusillus, Georgia (lectotype here designated);
of puncticollis, "Southern States";
of sonoricus, Tucson, Arizona (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
Of pusillus and puncticollis, MCZ;
of sonoricus, USNM (35230).

Distribution.
Figure 27 . Massachusetts to Florida, west to California.

Cephaloscymnini, new tribe

Sticholotidinae of small size, length less than 3.0 mm.
Head prominent, exposed, deflected centrally;
eye large, narrow, elongate, very finely faceted, inner margin parallel or closer at posterior border of eye than at anterior border;
apex of clypeus truncate or subtruncate;
gena with or without narrow extension onto eye.
Antenna inserted frontally at apex of eye, insertion exposed or not; antenna short, 8-10segmented, club 3-segmented.
Apical segment of maxillary palpus long, slender, conical or parallel sided.
Mandible bidentate apically, or unidentate with feeble, subapical tooth.
Pronotum short, deeply excavated for reception of head, lateral border explanate, anterolateral angle strongly produced forward, extending nearly to apex
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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 29 . Cephaloscymnus zimmermani zimmermani.
#_______________________________________________

of eye.
Prosternum broad, bicarinate or not, produced anteriorly to partially conceal mouthparts or not.
Epipleuron broad or narrow, not foveate for reception of leg. Leg slender, simple.
Tarsus cryptotetramerous; tarsal claw without tooth.
Abdomen with 5 visible sterna.
Postcoxal line on 1st abdominal sternum complete (Fig. 30 g).
Male genitalia symmetrical.

The group of genera here assigned to this tribe contain some of the most unusual appearing Coccinellidae in the entire family.
These genera have previously been placed in the Scymninae, but examination of all morphological characters shows that they
belong in the subfamily Sticholotidinae. They are not closely related to members of any presently established tribe;
therefore, the establishment of the tribe Cephaloscymnini is deemed necessary. The included genera are
Cephaloscymnus Crotch, Prodilis Mulsant, Neaporia Gorham, Aneaporia Casey and Prodioloides Weise.
The genus Cephaloscymnus has been placed in the Scymnini or Ortaliini by authors, while
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Prodilis, Neaporia, and Prodiloides have been placed in the Ortaliini.
Casey considered Aneaporia to belong to the Exoplectrini but this was an obviously incorrect placement.
All of these genera quite apparently share a common ancestry and must be grouped together as done here.
Examination of species of this group in existing collections indicates that additional genera will have
to be erected when a complete study is completed. The combination of short antenna; large, ventrally directed head;
large, narrow, finely faceted eyes; and short, explanate pronotum readily separate this tribe, not only from other
tribes of Sticholotidinae, but from all other North American Coccinellidae.
The only genus in this tribe occurring north of Mexico is Cephaloscymnus.

Genus Cephaloscymnus Crotch

Cephaloscymnus Crotch, 1873, p. 382—Horn, 1895, p. 81—Casey, 1899, p. 160— Blatchley, 1910, p. 524—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 168—Wingo, 1952, p. 19—Gordon, 1970b, p. 66. Type-species; Cephaloscymnus zimmermanni Crotch, by monotypy.

Cephaloscymnini with form elongate, slender (Fig. 29 ).
Head broad between eyes, frons 3 times the width of an eye;
inner margin of eyes nearly parallel;
apex of clypeus subtruncate;
gena not extending onto eye (Fig. 30 a).
Antennal insertion exposed; antenna 9-segmented, club 3-segmented (Fig. 30 b).
Apical segment of maxillary palpus slender, parallel-sided (Fig. 30 c).
Mandible unidentate apically, with feeble, subapical tooth (Fig. 30 d).
Surface of head and pronotum deeply, densely punctured, punctures contiguous or nearly so.
Prosternum short, not produced anteriorly, without carinae (Fig. 30 e).
Male metasternum with large, deep, pubescent pit (Fig. 30 f).
Postcoxal line as in Figure 30 g.
Female genitalia without infundibulum; spermethecal capsule simple, lacking cornu or ramus (Fig. 31 f).

The presence of a metacoxal pit in males and the short intercoxal prosternal process lacking carinae
or an anterior protuberance distinguish Cephaloscymnus from the other genera of Cephaloscymnini.
There are presently 7 species in this genus (Gordon, 1970b, 1974d), 2 of which are known only from
Mexico and 4 from Mexico and the United States. Cephaloscymnus bruchi Weise was described from Brazil;
I have not seen this species but suspect that it belongs in Prodilis.
No host data is available for members of this genus, but they are probably scale predators.
Cephaloscymnus has been revised by Gordon (1970b), with a subsequent paper (Gordon, 1974d)
on additional species from Mexico.

KEY TO SPECIES OF Cephaloscymnus

1. Length 2.15 mm or more; eastern United States, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico .... 2
- Length 2.15 mm or less; California, Arizona, Texas, Mexico .... 3
2(1). Pronotum and elytron piceous to black; eastern U.S. .... zimmermanni zimmermanni Crotch
- Pronotum usually reddish, elytron piceous to brown; southwestern U.S. and north-eastern Mexico .... zimmermanni australis Gordon
3(1). Ventral surface black (except legs and mouthparts) .... laevis Gordon
- Ventral surface piceous or brown .... 4
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#___________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 30 . Cephaloscymnus sp. a. Lateral view of head and pronotum. b. Antenna. c. Maxillary palpus.
## d. Mandible. e. Prosternum. f. Metasternum. g. Postcoxal line.
#___________________________________________________________________________________________________

4(3). Pronotum finely punctured, anterior angle feebly explanate .... occidentalis Horn
- Pronotum coarsely punctured, anterior angle strongly explanate .... insulatus Gordon

Cephaloscymnus zimmermanni zimmermanni Crotch
Figs. 29, 31a-e; Map, Fig. 32

Cephaloscymnus zimmermanni Crotch, 1873, p. 382—Horn, 1895, p. 11—Casey, 1899, p. 161—Blatchley, 1910, p. 531—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 169—Wingo, 1952, p. 45.
Cephaloscymnus zimmermanni zimmermani: Gordon, 1970b, p. 67—Gordon, 1974d, p. 45.

Diagnosis.
Length 2.15 to 2.40 mm, width 1.30 to 1.45 mm.
Form elongate (Fig.
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#_______________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 31 . a-e. Cephaloscymnus zimmermani zimmermani. f C. z. australis.
#_______________________________________________________________________

29)
Color piceous to black dorsally; ventral surface piceous, tarsus yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 31 a-d.
Female genitalia as in Figure 31 e.
Crotch had more than one type specimen,
but only one female labeled "(yellow disc)/Type 8247/ Cephaloscymnus zimmermanni Crotch" remains in the LeConte collection.
I designate and label that female the lectotype.

Type locality.
"Central Valley" (Ohio, Illinois, etc.) (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
MCZ.

Distribution.
Figure 32 . DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. INDIANA (state record). MARYLAND: Beltsville. NEW JERSEY: Montclair. SOUTH CAROLINA: (state record). TENNESSEE: Oak Ridge. VIRGINIA: Falls Church; Winchester. WEST VIRGINIA: Berkley.

Top

Cephaloscymnus zimmermanni australis Gordon
Fig. 31 f; Map, Fig. 32

Cephaloscymnus zimmermanni australis Gordon, 1970b, p. 67.

Diagnosis.
Length 2.20 to 2.36 mm, width 1.38 to 1.60 mm.
Color piceous to brown dorsally, pronotum red; venter black except leg, mouthparts and epipleuron
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Fig 32 . Distribution. Cephaloscymnus z. zimmermanni (dot); C. z. australis (star); C. occidentalis (shaded, disjunct locality with circled star); C. laevis (open circle); C. insulatus (square).

yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as illustrated for zimmermanni zimmermanni.
Female sperrnathecal capsule as in Figure 31 f.
See Gordon (1974d) for detailed discussion.

Type locality.
Kerrville, Texas.

Type depository.
USNM (70399).

Distribution.
Figure 32 . ARIZONA: Chiricahua Mts.; Cochise Co., Palmerlee; Huachucha Mts., Millers Canyon. NEW MEXICO: Las Vegas. TEXAS: Kerrville; Mountain Home.

Top

Cephaloscymnus occidentalis Horn
Fig. 33 a-e, Map, Fig. 32

Cephaloscymnusoccidentalis Horn, 1895,p. 111—Casey, 1899,p. 161—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 169—Gordon, 1970b, p. 69—Gordon, 1974d, p. 46.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.85 to 2.10 mm, width 1.10 to 1.40 mm.
Color brown dorsally, pronotum reddish brown; venter piceous, leg brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 33 ac.
Female genitalia as in Figure 33 e.

Discussion.
Horn apparently had more than one specimen when he described C. occidentalis,
but only one specimen, a female labeled "425/Los Angeles Cal/Lectotype 3030/C. occidentalis Horn"
remains in his collection, I designate and label this specimen the lectotype.
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#_____________________________________________________
##Fig. 33 . Cephaloscymnus occidentalis. a. b. c. d. e.
#_____________________________________________________

Type locality.
Los Angeles, California (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
MCZ.

Distribution.
Figure 32 . Arizona to California, also Texas (Brownsville).

Top

Cephaloscymnus insulates Gordon
Fig. 34 a-d; Map, Fig. 32

Cephaloscymnus insulates Gordon, 1970b, p. 69.

Diagnosis.
Length 2.00 to 2.10 mm, width 1.10 to 1.30 mm.
Color brown dorsally,
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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 34 . Cephaloscymnus insulates. a. b. c. d.
#_______________________________________________

pronotum reddish;
venter piceous,
legs, mouthparts, and epipleuron brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 34 a-d.

Type locality.
Santa Rita Mts., Arizona.

Type depository.
USNM (70400).

Distribution.
Figure 32 . ARIZONA: Oracle; Santa Rita Mts, Box Canyon.

Top

Cephaloscymnus laevis Gordon
Fig. 35 a-e; Map, Fig. 32

Cephaloscymnus laevis Gordon, 1970b, p. 70—Gordon, 1974d, p. 46.

Diagnosis.
Length 2.00 mm, width 1.15 mm.
Color light brown dorsally; venter black, mouthparts, leg, and epipleuron light brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 35 ad.
Female genitalia as in Figure 35 e.

Discussion.
This species was originally described from a unique male from Nogales, Arizona.
Gordon (1974d) recorded 2 specimens of C. Iaevis from Hidalgo, Mexico.

Type locality.
Nogales, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona.

Type depository.
CAS.
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Distribution.
Figure 32 . ARIZONA: Pima Co.; Santa Rita Exp.

Range. MEXICO: Hidalgo.

Subfamily Scymninae

Scymninae Della Beffa, 1912, p. 168—Sasaji, 1968, p. 23—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 15.

Coccinellidae with dorsal surface pubescent (Scymnini, Selvadiini, Blaisdelliana, Zagloba) or glabrous (Hyperaspini, Zilus); size small.
Antenna very short, usually 2/3 or less the length of head, inserted ventrally.
Terminal segment of maxillary palpus not strongly securiform, usually parallel sided or barrel shaped.
Mentum broadly articulated with submentum.
Epipleuron of elytron narrow, short.
Middle coxae broadly separated.
Each femur nearly cylindrical, stout, occasionally flattened.
Tarsus cryptotetramerous or trimerous.

This subfamily contains the small, compact coccinellids as exemplified by members of the genera Scymnus and Hyperaspis.
Della Beffa (1912) was the first to group the mostly pubescent Scymnini and usually glabrous Hyperaspini together,
and this view was recently reinforced by Sasaji ( 1968). In America north of Mexico 5 tribes represent this subfamily,
one of which, the Selvadiini, is erected for the first time. Zilini is provided as a replacement name for Scymnillini.

KEY TO TRIBES OF SCYMNINAE

1. Abdomen with 5 visible sterna .... 2
- Abdomen with 6 or 7 visible sterna .... 3
2(1). Prosternum with large anterior lobe concealing mouthparts; Florida .... Cryptognathini
- Prosternum unmodified, not concealing mouthparts; Florida and elsewhere .... Zilini
3(1). Surface of elytron pubescent .... 4
- Surface of elytron glabrous .... Hyperaspini
4(3). Anterior margin of prosternum lobed, at least partially concealing mouthparts (Figs. 48c, 59c) .... 5
- Anterior margin of prosternum not lobed .... 6
5(4). Length less than 2.0 mm; pronotum black .... Stethorini
- Length more than 3.0 mm; pronotum reddish yellow .... Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Scymnini)
6(4). Head narrow, elongate in front of eye; apex of clypeus strongly emarginate, anterolateral angle produced forward (Fig. 292 a) .... Blaisdelliana sexualis Casey (Hyperaspini/l)
- Head broad, not elongate in front of eye; apex of clypeus truncate or nearly so, anterolateral angle not produced .... 7
7(6). Form flattened, nearly parallel sided; eyes small, separated by 3 times the width of an eye; antennal club symmetrical (Fig. 287 b) .... Selvadiini
- Form usually convex, rounded; eyes large, separated by twice the width of an eye; antennal club asymmetrical (Fig. 68 a) .... Scymnini

Tribe Zilini, new name

Scymnillini Casey, 1899, p. 1 12—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p 171— Blackwelder, 1945, p. 445—Sasaji, 1971, p. 58—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 46.

Scymninae of small size, usually less than 2.30 mm long;
form round or elongate, convex;
dorsal surface either distinctly pubescent or apparently glabrous,
head and
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#_____________________________________________
##Fig 35 . Cephaloscymnus laevis a. b. c. d. e.
#_____________________________________________

anterolateral pronotal angle always pubescent.
Head partially inserted in pronotum.
Antenna short, compact, insertion exposed, 10-segmented, club symmetrical.
Maxillary palpus with apical segment cylindrical or slightly securiform.
Pronotum deeply emarginate anteriorly, lateral margin slightly explanate, anterolateral angle produced.
Prosternum with intercoxal process broad, flat, without carinae.
Leg free, simple;
tarsus cryptotetramerous;
tarsal claw with or without basal tooth.
Abdomen with 5 visible sterna, sterna compact and tightly joined.
Male genitalia symmetrical, form simple.
Female genitalia with sperm duct short; genital plate elongate, triangular.

There are 2 North American genera in this tribe, Zagloba and Zilus.
The tribe is strictly New World in distribution and forms a tightly knit group of genera and species.
The 5-segmented abdomen, broad intercoxal process of the prosternum,
and partially concealed head distinguish this tribe from other tribes in the Scymninae.
Examination of species of Zilus and Scymnillus indicates that they are congeneric,
therefore Scymnillus is placed as a junior synonym of Zilus, and the tribal name changed to Zilini.

KEY TO GENERA OF ZILINI

1. Elytron apparently glabrous .... Zilus Mulsant
- Elytron densely pubescent .... Zagloba Casey

Genus Zilus Mulsant

Scymnus (Zilus) Mulsant, 1850, p. 958—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 117. Type-species, Scymnus (Zilus) fulvipes Mulsant, by monotypy.
Zilus: Blackwelder, 1945, p. 445.
Scymnillus Horn, 1895, p. 110—Casey, 1899, p. 114—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Kor
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schefsky, 1931, p. 171—Blackwelder, 1945, p. 445. J. Chapin, 1974, p. 47. Typespecies; Scymnillus aterrimus Horn, by monotypy. New Synonymy.
Scymnillodes Sicard, 1922, p. 355—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 221—Chapin, 1930, p. 490—Blackwelder, 1945, p. 445 (as synonym of Zilus). Type-species; Scymnillodes viridimicans Sicard, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Zilini with length less than 2.0 mm.
Dorsal surface often with a metallic tint of varied colors;
pubescence usually limited to head and pronotum with occasional sparse hairs present on elytron.
Antenna extremely short, compact, club apparently 3-segmented (Fig. 36 a).
Apical segment of maxillary palpus slightly securiform (Fig. 36 b).
Gena extending onto eye.
Tarsal claw with basal tooth (Fig. 36 c).
Postcoxal line extending downward from base of first abdominal sternum, joining apex of sternum nearly at lateral margin (Fig. 36 d).
Male genitalia simple, symmetrical.
Female genitalia with infundibulum slender, elongate (Fig. 36 e).

The key characters will separate Zilus from Zagloba. In addition, Zilus often has a metallic tint of green, violet, or blue, etc.,
on the dorsal surface, and the postcoxal line extends in an arc from the base of the sternum to the posterolateral angle.
Most species of Zilus are neotropical with 4 species recorded from the United States.
They are apparently predators on various scale insects such as Lepidosaphes spp. and Aspidiotus spp,
but one species has been recorded on the whitefly Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby.
The genus has not been treated taxonomically as a whole.

KEY TO SPECIES OF ZILUS

1. Length 1.0 mm or less .... eleutherae (Casey), n. comb.
- Length 1.20 mm or more .... 2
2(1). Dorsal surface with purple or blue tint; form broad; known only from Florida .... subtropicus (Casey), n. comb.
- Dorsal surface black or brown; form somewhat elongate; not restricted to Florida .... 3
3(2). Dorsal surface reddish brown; western United States .... aterrimus (Horn), n. comb.
- Dorsal surface black; eastern United States .... horni, n. sp.

Top

Zilus aterrimus (Horn), new combination
Fig. 37 a-f; Map, Fig. 39

ScymnillusaterrimusHorn,1895,p.110—Casey,1899,p.115—Leng,1920,p.214— Korschefsky, 1931, p. 171—Hatch, 1961, p. 154.
Scymnillus cochisensis Nunenmacher, 1912, p. 451. New Synonymy.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.25 to 1.60 mm, width 0.90 to 1.35 mm.
Form elongate, oval (Fig. 37 f).
Color reddish brown except antenna, mouthparts and leg yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 37 a-d.
Female genitalia as in Figure 37 e.

Discussion.
I cannot separate Z. cochisensis (Nunenmacher) from Z. aterrimus; therefore, I place Z. cochisensis as a junior synonym of Z. aterrimus.
Nunenmacher stated that he had 20 cotypes of S. cochisensis, 2 of which (male and female) are now in the California Academy of Science.
I here designate and label the female as the lectotype and the male as a paralectotype.
Horn had more than one specimen of S. aterrimus, and there are 3 specimens now in his collection,
the first of these, a
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#__________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 36 . Zilus sp. a. Maxillary palpus. b. Antenna. c. Tarsus, d. Postcoxal line.
#__________________________________________________________________________________

female labeled "Oregon Koebele/40/Lectotype 3185/Scymnillus aterrimus Horn", I designate the lectotype, the remaining 2 are designated as paralectotypes.

Type locality.
Of aterrimus, Oregon (lectotype here designated);
of cochisensis, Benson, Cochise Co., Arizona (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
Of aterrimus, MCZ;
of cochisensis, CAS.

Distribution.
Figure 39 . Idaho and Washington to California and Arizona.

Top

Zilus horni , new species
Fig. 38 a-f; Map, Fig. 39

Scymnillus aterrimus: J. Chapin, 1974, p. 47 (not S. aterrimus Horn, 1895).

Description.
Male, length 1.40 mm, width 1.0 mm.
Form oval (Fig. 38 f).
Color black except mouthparts, antenna, and leg yellowish brown.
Head coarsely punctured, punctures separated by less than a diameter.
Pronotum with coarse punctures as on head laterally, separated by a diameter or less, discal area finely punctured, punctures separated by one to 2 times a diameter.
Elytron finely punctured as on pronotal disc, punctures separated by one to 3 times a diameter.
Ventral surface smooth, finely punctured medially, becoming dull with alutaceous sculpture and coarse punctures laterally.
Genitalia as in Figure 36 a-d.

Female, similar to holotype except length 1.50 mm, width 1.10 mm.
Genitalia as in Figure 36 e.

Variation.
Length 1.40 to 1.60 mm.

Holotype.
Male. MARYLAND: Piney Pt., Coll. Hubbard & Schwarz (USNM 101330).

Allotype.
Female. MARYLAND: SI Java Farm Biol. Survey, 16:VII:1968, RE & Jan White Collectors. (USNM).

Paratypes.
Total 23. MARYLAND: same data as holotype; same data as allotype; College Park, X-2-1960, P. J. Spangler. (USNM).
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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 37 . Zilus aterrimus. a. b. c. d. e. f.
#____________________________________________

Distribution.
Figure 39 . Maryland to Florida, west to Wisconsin. Disjunct localities: LOUISIANA: Caddo Parish; East Baton Rouge Parish; Rapides Parish.

This eastern species has been confused with Z. aterrimus (Horn) although the distributions are disjunct.
In addition to differences in male and female genitalia,
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#________________________________________
##Fig. 38 . Zilus horni. a. b. c. d. e. f.
#________________________________________

these 2 species are also separable externally. Zilus horni is entirely black dorsally, and the pronotum is finely punctate medially.
Zilus aterrimus is reddish brown dorsally, and the pronotum is closely, coarsely punctate throughout.
The specific epithet is in honor of George H. Horn.

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Zilus eleutherae (Casey), new combination
Fig. 40 a-e; Map, Fig. 39

Scymnillus eleutherae Casey, 1899, p. 1 15—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 171—Blatchley, 1920, p. 44.

Diagnosis.
Length 0.90 to 1.0 mm, width 0.78 to 0.80 mm.
Form round, convex (Fig. 40 e).
Color purplish black; lateral pronotal border, ventral surface, and leg (except tarsus) dark brown; antenna, mouthparts and tarsus yellow.
Male genitalia as in Figure 40 a-c.

Discussion.
This minute species was described from the Bahamas and first recorded from Florida by Blatchley (1920).
The size and muted purplish black dorsum characterize Z. eleutherae in the North American fauna.
There are 3 types in the Casey collection, the first of which I designate and label the lectotype
and the other 2 as paralectotypes.
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#_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 39 . Distribution. Zilus aterrimus (shaded, western); Z. horni (shaded, eastern; disjunct localities, star);
## Z. eleutherae (circled star), Z. subtropicus (dot).
#_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Type locality.
Eleuthera, Bahamas (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
USNM.

Distribution.
Figure 39 . FLORIDA: Cape Sable.

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Zilus subtropicus (Casey), new combination
Fig. 41 a-f; Map, Fig. 39

Delphastus subtropicus Casey, 1924, p. 170—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 221.
Scymnillodes subtropicus: Chapin, 1930, p. 493.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.60 to 1.80 mm, width 1.28 to 1.42 mm.
Form broad, oval (Fig. 40 f^). Color metallic purple or blue, pronotum often metallic green;
ventral surface yellow to reddish piceous, leg and mouthparts yellowish brown.
Male genitalia as in Figure 41 a-d.
Female genitalia as in Figure 41 e.

Discussion.
The metallic blue or purple dorsal color is very distinctive among North American coccinellids
but is shared with several other members of this genus that occur in the West Indies.
This species is apparently restricted to southern Florida but may also occur in the West Indies.
The type specimen is a unique female in the Casey collection (holotype).

Type locality.
Key West, Florida.

Type depository.
USNM (35228).

Distribution.
Figure 39 . FLORIDA: Biscayne; Coral Gables; Davie; Florida City, Fort Pierce; Hialeah; Key West, Miami; Paradise Key; Vero Beach.
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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 40 . Zilus eleutherae. a. b. c. d. e.
#__________________________________________

Genus Zagloba Casey

Zagloba Casey, 1899, p. 113—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 172— Hatch, 1961, p. 154—Gordon, 1970g, p. 481. Type-species; Cephaloscymnus ornatus Horn, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Zilini with length usually less than 2.00 mm.
Dorsal surface without metallic tint, pubescence dense, mostly erect, present throughout.
Antenna short, compact, club distinctly 3-segmented (Fig. 42 a).
Apical segment of maxillary palpus not securiform, sides nearly parallel, narrowed slightly at apex (Fig. 42 b).
Gena extending onto eye.
Tarsal claw with basal tooth (Fig. 42 c).
Postcoxal line complete or incomplete (Figs. 43f, 46f), never reaching apex of first abdominal sternum.
Male genitalia simple, symmetrical.
Female genitalia with infundibulum usually large, flattened laterally, sperm duct very short (Fig. 44 e).

The described species of Zagloba occur from Venezuela and Colombia north to Oregon and Pennsylvania with 3 known from the neotropics
and 4 from the United States. These species are not commonly collected and I have not seen host data for
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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 41 . Zilus subtropicus. a. b. c. d. e. f.
#______________________________________________

any of the United States species. At least one Neotropical species, Z. obscura Gordon,
has been taken feeding on "scale insects" on banana and orange.
We may presume, therefore, that all species of Zagloba are likely to be scale predators.
Zagloba has not been taxonomically treated as a whole,
but Gordon (1970g) reviewed the Central and South American species.

#_________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 42 . Zagloba sp. a. Antenna. b. Maxillary palpus. c. Tarsus.
#_________________________________________________________________
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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 43 . Zagloba ornata. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
#______________________________________________

KEY TO SPECIES OF Zagloba

1. Pronotum entirely yellowish red; elytron black or dark brown (Fig. 44 f); Florida .... bicolor Casey
- Pronotum entirely black or brown, at most with some lateral paler areas; elytron uniformly dark or dark with yellow maculation; not known from Florida .... 2
2(1). Elytron brown with yellow maculation; Pacific Coast, Arizona .... ornata (Horn)
- Elytron black or brown, immaculate; not known from the Pacific Coast .... 3
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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 44 . Zagloba bicolor. a. b. c. d. e. f.
#____________________________________________

3(2). Punctures within arc of postcoxal line coarse, distinct; pronotum paler than elytron .... hystrix Casey
- Punctures within arc of postcoxal line fine, indistinct; pronotum and elytron concolorous .... satana, n. sp.

Top

Zagloba ornata (Horn)
Fig. 43 a-g; Map, Fig. 45

Cephaloscymnus ornatus Hom, 1895, p. 111.
Zagloba ornata: Casey, 1899, p. 114—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 172—Hatch, 1961, p. 154.
Zagloba laticollis Casey, 1899, p. 114—Leng, 1920, p. 214. New Synonymy.
Zagloba orbipennis Casey, 1899, p. 114—Leng, 1920, p. 214. New Synonymy.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.75 to 2.00 mm, width 1.43 to 1.65 mm.
Form elongate, oval.
Color dark brown to light brown; antenna, mouthparts, and leg yellowish brown;
pronotum often with yellowish brown lateral areas;
elytron usually with 2 nebulous, yellow spots feebly connected (Fig. 43 g), but pattern variable as in Figure 43 g.
Postcoxal line complete (Pullus type) in both sexes (Fig. 43 f).
Male genitalia as in Figure 43 a-d. Female genitalia with infundibulum small, elongate (Fig. 43 e).
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#______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 45 . Distribution. Zagloba ornata (shaded); Z. bicolor (dot); Z. hystrix (open circle); Z. satana (star).
#______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Discussion.
This species is unique among North American members of the genus in having the postcoxal line complete in both sexes
and in having a simple, reduced infundibulum. Zagloba laticollis Casey and Z. orbipennis Casey are conspecific with Z. ornata,
and I place both names as junior synonyms. Both species were described from unique specimens in the Casey collection
which must be considered holotypes. Zagloba ornata was described from several specimens, all from California,
and I designate and label as the lectotype a female in the Horn collection labeled
"702/ Aug./Siskiyou Co., Cal./lectotype 3186(red paper)/C. ornatus Horn."
Three other type specimens from various California localities are designated as paralectotypes.

Type locality.
Of ornata, Siskiyou Co., California (lectotype here designated);
of laticollis, California;
of orbipennis, Healdsburg, Sonoma Co., California.

Type depository.
Of ornata, MCZ;
of laticollis (35234)
and orbipennis (35233), USNM.

Distribution.
Figure 45 . Southern Arizona and California, north to southwestern Oregon.

Top

Zagloba bicolor Casey
Fig. 44 a-f; Map, Fig. 45

Zagloba bicolor Casey, 1899, p. 1 14—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 172.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.65 to 1.85 mm, width 1.22 to 1.33 mm.
Form elongate, oval (Fig. 44 f).
Color pale yellowish brown; pronotum yellowish red; elytron black or dark brown; mesa- and metasternum and first abdominal sternum dark brown.
Postcoxal
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line incomplete in both sexes.
Male genitalia as in Figure 44 a-d.
Female genitalia with infundibulum large, flattened laterally (Fig. 44 e).

Discussion.
This species is apparently restricted to Florida, and the color pattern alone will distinguish it from other members of the genus.
The type is a unique (holotype) female in the Casey collection.

Type locality.
Capron, Florida.

Type depository.
USNM (35236).

Distribution.
Figure 45 . FLORIDA: Alachua Co., Gainesville, Dunedin; Jefferson Co., Monticello; Miami; Tampa.

Top

Zagloba hystrix Casey
Fig. 46 a-g, Map, Fig. 45

Zagloba hystrix Casey, 1899, p. 114—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, l 931, p.
172.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.45 to 1.75 mm, width 1.35 to 1.50 mm.
Form rounded, pronotum and elytron abruptly discontinuous in outline (Fig. 46 g).
Color medium reddish brown; antenna, leg and mouthparts yellowish brown; elytron dark brown to black.
Postcoxal line incomplete in both sexes (Scymnus, s. str., type) (Fig. 46 f).
Male genitalia as in Figure 46 a-d.
Female genitalia as in Figure 46 e.

Discussion.
This species is difficult to separate from Z. satana, n. sp., but the pronotum is usually distinctly paler than the elytron in this species,
and the abdominal punctation is definitely coarser than in satana. There are 6 type specimens of hystrix in the Casey collection,
and the first of these, a female, is designated and labeled as the lectotype.
The other 5 types bear the same data and are designated as paralectotypes.

Type locality.
Brownsville, Texas (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
USNM (35237).

Distribution.
Figure 45 . TEXAS: Brownsville; San Antonio; Zavalla Co., Nueoes River.

Top

Zagloba satana , new species
Fig. 47 a-h; Map, Fig. 45

Description.
Male, length 1.65 mm, greatest width 1.32 mm.
Form rounded (Fig. 47 h), outline of pronotum and elytron strongly discontinuous.
Color black; ventral surface and lateral border of pronotum dark reddish brown; antenna, mouthparts, and leg yellowish brown.
Dorsum densely pubescent with grayish white hairs, hairs erect on pronotum and elytron, oppressed on head.
Head densely, finely punctured, punctures separated by a diameter or less.
Pronotum 1/5 the length of elytron; punctures fine, separated by twice a diameter on disc, becoming contiguous along lateral margin.
Elytral punctation finer than on pronotum, punctures separated by less than to twice a diameter.
Metasternum smooth, nearly impunctate medially, punctures becoming coarse and dense laterally.
Abdominal punctation fine, punctures within arc of postcoxal line indistinct; postcoxal line complete (Fig. 47 g).
Genitalia as in Figure 47 a-d.
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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 46 . Zagloba hystrix. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
#_______________________________________________

Female, similar to holotype except length 1.60 mm, width 1.29 mm; postcoxal line incomplete (Fig. 47 f); genitalia as in Figure 47 e.

Variation.
Length 1.45 to 1.75 mm, width 1.20 to 1.37 mm.

Holotype.
Male. TEXAS: Devils River, V-2-07, E. A. Schwarz call (USNM 101331).
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Allotype.
Female. Same data as holotype except "on Pithecolobium". (USNM).

Paratypes.
(Fig. 45 ) Total 8. TEXAS: "Texas"; Devils River, V-4-07, FC Pratt Collector; same data as holotype; Laredo, 28-5, Hubbard and Schwarz. (USNM).

This is the only known species of Zagloba exhibiting sexual dimorphism in the shape of the postcoxal line.
The punctation, both dorsal and ventral, is obviously finer than in hystrix which satana most closely resembles.
Genitalia should be examined in members of this group to ensure accurate determination.
The specific epithet refers to the type locality.

Tribe Stethorini

Stethorini Dobzhansky, 1924,p.20—Korschefsky, 1931,p. 110—Kapur, 1948,302—Sasaji, 1968, p. 23—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 16.

Scymninae of small size, less than 2.0 mm; pubescent dorsally.
Antenna 11-segmented; inserted between eye and clypeus, clypeus not emarginate around base.
Maxillary palpus with terminal segment convergent epically.
Prosternum lobed anteriorly, partially concealing mouthparts; intercoxal process without carinae.
Leg free, simple; tarsus cryptotetramerous or trimerous.
Abdomen with 6 visible sterna.

This tribe contains a single genus, Stethorus, which has usually been placed in the tribe Scymnini.
Dobzhansky (1924) erected the tribe Stethorini, but Korschefsky (1931) synonymized Stethorini with Scymnini,
and Kapur (1948) agreed with this placement. Sasaji (1968) considered Stethorini a valid tribe and I concur with his treatment.

Stethorini is easily separated from all other tribes of Scymninae because the clypeus is not emarginate around the antennal bases,
and the prosternum is arcuately produced in front, partly concealing the mouthparts.

Genus Stethorus Weise

Stethorus Weise, 1885a, p.65—Casey, 1899, p. 135—Kapur, 1948, p. 300—Wingo, 1952, p. 19—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 16—Belicek, 1976, p. 297—Gordon and Anderson, 1979, p. 61—Gordon and Chapin, 1983, p. 229. Type-species; Stethorus punctillum Weise, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Nephopullus Brethes, 1925, p. 167—Kapur, 1948, p. 300. Type-species; Nephopullus
darwini Brethes, by subseqent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Body color black except antenna and mouthparts yellow, legs often yellow.
Head with moderately coarsely faceted eye; clypeus truncate anteriorly, anterolateral angle rounded.
Antenna short, 11-segmented (Fig. 48 a); inserted between eye and clypeus, clypeus not emarginate around base.
Maxillary palpus with apical segment oblong, obliquely truncate and narrower toward apex (Fig. 48 b).
Prosternum without carinae, produced anteriorly to partly conceal mouthparts (Fig. 48 c).
Tarsus trimerous or cryptotetramerous; tarsal claw bifid (Fig. 48 d), inner claw shorter in male than in female.
Abdomen with postcoxal line on basal sternum complete (Fig. 49 e).
Male genitalia with basal lobe symmetrical or asymmetrical.
Female spermathecal capsule present or absent, genital plate small, not triangular (Fig. 48 e).

There are 65 described species in this genus, and they are found in most parts of the world;
6 species occur in Arnerica north of Mexico. Most coccinellids are pre-
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#_________________________________________________
##Fig. 47 . Zagloba satana. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
#_________________________________________________

daceous on insects of the order Homoptera, and some are plant feeders, but species of Stethorus feed almost exclusively on tetranychid mites.
The western Hemisphere species were treated by Gordon and Chapin (1983), see that publication for more detailed information.

KEY TO SPECIES OF Stethorus

1. Postcoxal line not arched beyond middle of first abdominal sternum (figs. 54d); basal abdominal sternum densely, coarsely punctured .... 2
- Postcoxal line arched beyond middle of first abdominal sternum (Figs. 51e, 53e); basal abdominal sternum sparsely, finely punctured .... 3
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2(1) Postcoxal line short, arc not reaching middle of first abdominal sternum; elytral punctures larger than pronotal punctures .... punctillum Weise
- Postcoxal line usually arched to middle of first sternum or nearly so (Fig. 53 e); elytral and pronotal punctures equal in size .... punctum punctum (LeConte)
3(1). Leg (except tarsus) black or brown; punctures on abdominal sterna coarse, dense (Fig. 53 g) .... punctum picipes Casey
- Lee with at least tibia Yellow; Punctures on abdominal sterna fine, sparse (Fig. 49 e) .... 4
4(3). Clypeal apex truncate; lateral pronotal punctures dense, contiguous .... pinachi Gordon and Chapin
- Clypeal apex emarginate; lateral pronotal punctures sparse, not contiguous .... 5
5(4). Elytral pubescence reddish brown; pronotal punctures fine, sparse .... caseyi Gordon and Chapin
- Elytral pubescence yellowish white; pronotal punctures coarse, not sparse utilis (Horn)

Top

Stethorus utilis (Horn)
Fig. 49 a-e; Map, Fig. 52

Scymnus utilis Horn, 1895, p. 107.
Stethorus utilis: Casey, 1899, p. 136—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 112—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 17—Gordon and Chapin, 1983, p. 241.
Stethorus atomus Casey, 1899, p. 136—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 111—Gordon and Chapin, 1983, p. 241.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.0 to 2.0 mm, width 0.75 to 1.0 mm.
Form elongate, oval. Color black; antenna, mouthparts, and leg yellow except basal 3/4 of femur brown.
Dorsal pubescence moderately long, semierect, mostly yellowish white with traces of brown.
Head finely punctured, punctures separated by a diameter or less;
pronotal punctures coarse, slightly larger than elytral punctures, separated by about a diameter on disc, less than a diameter laterally;
elytral punctures shallow, separated by one to 2 times a diameter;
metasternum with fine, dense punctures except nearly impunctate on basomedian area;
abdominal sterna finely, sparsely punctured. Arc of postcoxal line extending 3/4 length of first abdominal sternum, angulate (Fig. 49 e).
Apex of 6th abdominal sternum truncate.
Male genitalia as in Figure 49 a-c.
Female spermathecal capsule as in Figure 49 d.

Discussion.
This species is most easily confused with S. caseyi, but the dorsal pubescence of S. caseyi is reddish brown.
The male genitalia are similar in these 2 species, but the basal lobe in S. caseyi is more obviously triangular
and shorter than that of S. utilis.

Type locality.
Of utilis, Barstow, Florida;
of atomus, Columbus, Texas.

Type depository.
Of utilis, MCZ,
of atomus, USNM.

Distribution.
Figure 52 . North Carolina to Florida, west to east Texas.

Top

Stethorus caseyi Gordon and Chapin
Fig. 50 a-f; Map, Fig. 52

Stethorus Caseyi Gordon and Chapin, 1983, p. 241.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.10 to 1.31 mm, width 0.75 to 1.05 mm.
Form short, rounded (Fig. 50 f).
Color black; antenna, mouthparts and leg except basal 3/4 of femur yellow.
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#________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 48 . Stethorus sp. a Antenna. b. Maxillary palpus. c. Venter. d. Tarsus. e. Genital plates.
#________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dorsal pubescence long, nearly erect, reddish brown.
Head shiny, finely punctured, punctures separated by a diameter;
pronotum with punctures coarser than on head, punctures separated by one to 3 times a diameter;
elytral punctation coarse, punctures separated by about a diameter;
metasternum with fine punctures medially, punctures becoming coarse and dense laterally.
Abdominal sterna with fine punctures sparse on first sternum, dense on remaining sterna.
Arc of postcoxal line extending 3/4 length of first abdominal sternum, angulate (Fig. 50 e).
Apex of 6th abdominal sternum feebly notched.
Male genitalia as in Figure 50 a-c.
Female genitalia as in Figure 50 d.

Discussion.
The round form, reddish brown pubescence, and sparsely punctured pronotum will separate S. caseyi from S. utilis which it most closely resembles.

Type locality.
Devils River, Texas.

Type depository.
USNM (10061).

Distribution.
Figure 52 . ARIZONA: Catalina Springs; Chiricahua Mountains; Oracle; Santa Rita Mountains. NEW MEXICO: Albuquerque. TEXAS: Brownsville, Devils River, El Paso; Laredo; San Antonio; San Diego; Uvalde. UTAH: Leeds; St. George.
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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 49 . Stethorus utilis. a. b. c. d. e.
#__________________________________________
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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 50 . Stethorus caseyi. a. b. c. d. e. f.
#_____________________________________________

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Stethorus pinachi Gordon and Chapin
Fig. 51 a-e; Map, Fig. 52

Stethorus pinachi: Gordon and Chapin, 1983, p. 250.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.25 to 1.40 mm, width 0.80 to 1.10 mm.
Form elongate, oval.
Color black;
antenna, mouthparts, and leg yellow except basal 3/4 of femur brown.
Dorsal pubescence short, semierect, yellowish white with traces of brown.
Head shiny, finely punctured, punctures separated by a diameter or more;
pronotal punctation coarser than on head, discal punctures separated by a diameter, lateral punctures

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#___________________________________________
##Fig. 51 . Stethorus pinachi. a. b. c. d. e.
#___________________________________________

contiguous;
elytral punctation very coarse, punctures separated by less than a diameter.
Metasternum coarsely and densely punctured laterally, punctures finer and sparser medially;
abdominal sterna with fine punctures sparse on first sternum, dense on remaining sterna.
Arc of postcoxal line extending more than 3/4 length of first abdominal sternum, rounded (Fig. 51 e).
Sixth sternum feebly emarginate apically.
Male genitalia as in Figure 5 la-c.
Female genitalia as in Figure 5 ld.

Discussion.
This species is quite distinctive in the form of the male genitalia which are most similar to those of S. punctum.
The truncate apex of the clypeus will

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#_____________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 52 . Distribution. Stethorus utilis (shaded); S. caseyi (dot), S. pinachi (open circle).
#_____________________________________________________________________________________________

distinguish S. chapini from S. utilis which it most closely resembles in external appearance.

Type locality.
Carrizo Springs, Dimmit Co., Texas.

Type depository.
USNM (100664).

Distribution.
Figure 52 . TEXAS: type locality.

Top

Stethorus punctum punctum (LeConte)
Fig. 53 a-e; Map, Fig. 55

Scymnus punctum LeConte, 1852, p. 141—Horn, 1895, p. 106.
Stethorus punctum: Casey, 1899, p. 136—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 112—Wingo, 1952, p. 27—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 17—Gordon and Chapin, 1983, p. 250.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.35 to 1.55 mm, width 0.95 to 1.15 mm.
Form elongate, oval.
Color black; antenna, mouthparts, and leg yellow except femur usually brown.
Dorsal pubescence short, semierect, yellowish white.
Head finely punctured, punctures separated by more than a diameter;
pronotum finely, densely punctured, punctures separated by a diameter on disc, contiguous laterally;
elytral punctures subequal in size to those on pronotum, separated by a diameter or less, metasternum coarsely punctured anteriorly and laterally;
abdominal sterna with coarse, dense punctures separated by less than a diameter.
Arc of postcoxal line usually reaching middle of basal abdominal sternum, sometimes shorter (Fig. 53 e).
Apex of 6th abdominal sternum notched.
Male genitalia as in Figure 53 a-c.
Female spermathecal capsule as in Figure 53 d.

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Discussion.
This species is native to North America, but somewhat difficult to distinguish from the introduced punctillum without examination of genitalia which are highly distinctive in the males.
The postcoxal line is shorter in S. punctillum than in S. punctum, and the elytral punctures are distinctly larger than the pronotal punctures in S. punctillum, nearly equal in S. punctum.
The female of punctillum lacks a spermathecal capsule.

Type locality.
Ontario, northern shore of Lake Superior.

Type depository.
MCZ.

Distribution.
Figure 55 . Southeastern Canada to North Carolina, west to Montana and Colorado.

Top

Stethorus punctum picipes Casey
Fig. 53 f, g; Map, Fig. 55

Stethorus picipes Casey, 1899, p. 136—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 112—Hatch, 1961, p. 149—Belicek, 1976, p. 298—Gordon and Chapin, 1983, p. 252.
Stethorus brevis Casey, 1899,p. 136—Korschefsky,1931,p.111—GordonandChapin, 1983, p. 252.

Diagnosis.
Description as for punctum except the leg black or dark brown (except tarsus), the ventral punctation is noticeably more coarse and dense, and the postcoxal line (Fig. 53 g) extends beyond the middle of the basal abdominal sternum.
Female spermathecal capsule as in Figure 53 f.

Discussion.
The male and female genitalia are identical in punctum and picipes, but the 2 nominate forms can be distinguished on the basis of the characters mentioned above.
I prefer to treat them as subspecies with punctum occurring from the east coast to Colorado and Montana and picipes occurring from California and British Columbia to Idaho and Alberta.

Type locality.
Of picipes, Santa Rosa, Sonoma Co., California; of brevis, Siskiyou Co., California.

Type depository.
Of picipes and brevis, USNM.

Distribution.
Figure 55 . Idaho to British Columbia, south to southern California.

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Stethorus punctillum Weise
Fig. 54 a-d; Map, Fig. 56

Stethorus punctillum Weise, 1891, p. 391 (in Reitter et al.)—Casey, 1899, p. 136— Korschefsky, 1931, p. 112—Kapur, 1948, p. 302—Hatch, 1961, p. 149—Belicek, 1976, p. 298—Gordon and Chapin, 1983, p. 270.
Coccinella minima Rossi, 1794, p. 89 (not Coccinella minima Huller, 1776). Scymnus (Stethorus) minimus: Weise, 1885a, p. 74.
Coccinella pusilla Herbst, 1797, p. 346 (not Coccinella pusilla Mullen, 1 Coccinella atra Illiger, 1798, p. 413 (not Coccinella atra Gmelin, 1790).
Stethorus ater: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 112.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.35 to 1.57 mm, width 0.90 to 1.12 mm.
Form elongate, oval.
Color black, antenna, mouthparts, and leg brownish yellow except basal 3/4 of femur brown.
Dorsal pubescence short, semierect, yellowish white.
Punctation oh head and pronotum fine, pronotal punctures separated by about a diameter, elytral punctures

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##Fig. 53 . a-e. Stethorus punctum punctum. f, g. S. p. picipes
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##Fig. 54 . Stethorus punctillum. a. b. c. d.
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##Fig. 55 . Distribution. Stethorus punctum punctum (shaded, eastern); S. p. picipes (shaded, western).
#_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

coarse, separated by less then a diameter;
abdominal sterna with coarse, dense punctures separated by less than a diameter.
Arc of postcoxal line short, not reaching middle of basal abdominal sternum, rounded (Fig. 54 d).
Male genitalia as in Figure 54 a-c.
Female genitalia lacking a spermathecal capsule and infundibulum.

Discussion.
This species is apparently a European introduction, but not an intentional one.
Brown (1950) first reported it from North America (Framingham, Mass.; Vineland Station and Leamington, Ontario)
and gave a key to separate S. punctillum, S. punctum, and S. picipes.
Stethorus punctillum is now known from several North American localities
and is often mixed with S. punctum in collections.
The species has become established on the west coast of the United States, but again it was not intentionally introduced.

Type locality.
Not stated.

Type depository.
Type not examined.

Distribution.
Figure 56 . Eastern: southeastern Canada to Massachusetts, west to Michigan and Wisconsin. Western: British Columbia (Vancover), to Oregon.

Tribe Scymnini

Scymnini Costa 1849, p. 9—Weise, 1895, p. 147—Casey, 1899, p. 133—Mader, 1 924, p. 8—Leng,1920,p.213—Korschefsky,1931,p. 110—Wingo, 1952, p. 19— Sasaji, 1968, p. 23—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 18—Belicek, 1976, p. 295.

Scymninae of small size, usually less then 3.0 mm;
form oval, rounded, or oblong; dorsal surface and eye pubescent.
Antenna 8 to 11 segmented, terminal segments
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##Fig. 56 . Distribution. Stethorus punctillum.
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forming distinct club.
Maxillary palpus with apical segment cylindrical or securiform.
Leg free, simple, not expanded or enlarged; tarsus trimerous or cryptotetramerous, tarsal claw simple or with basal tooth.
Abdomen with 6 visible sterna, sterna usually not fused medially, apex of 6th abdominal sternum of male modified.
Male genitalia vary from symmetrical to asymmetrical, form simple (Fig. 93 b), or complex (Fig. 190 a).
Female genitalia with sclerotized infundibulum; genital plate long and narrow, or short, nearly round.

Gordon (1976b) included the genera Selvadius and Blaisdelliana in this tribe.
I now consider Blaisdelliana a member of the Hyperaspini and erect the tribe Selvadiini for Selvadius.
There remain 6 North American genera in the Scymnini: one, Cryptolaemus, is introduced; another, Didion, is apparently endemic;
and the other 4 are worldwide in distribution. Three of these genera (Scymnus, Nephus, and Diomus) have previously been treated by Gordon (1976b);
therefore, the descriptions of the species are not included here, but the keys, illustrations, and synonymies are repeated.

KEY TO GENERA OF SCYMNINI

1. Head with mouthparts directed postero-ventrad in repose, concealing prosternum; basal antennal segment strongly enlarged (Fig. 57 c) .... Nephaspis Casey
- Head with mouthparts not concealing prosternum; basal antennal segment not strongly enlarged .... 2
2(1). Prosternum enlarged, expanded, capable of concealing mouthparts in repose (Fig. 59 c) .... Cryptolaemus Mulsant
- Prosternum not enlarged, not concealing mouthparts .... 3
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##Fig. 57 . Nephaspis oculatus. a. Venter. b. Maxillary palpus. c. Antenna. d. Postcoxal line.
## e-g. Male genitalia. h. Spermathecal capsule. i-l. Habitus and variations.
#____________________________________________________________________________________________

3(2). Prosternum with distinct carinae on intercoxal projection, carinae often reaching anterior margin of prosternum (Fig. 68 c) .... 4
- Prosternum without carinae, or at most with short ridges next to coxal cavities (Fig. 229 g) .... 5
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4(3). Postcoxal line extending downward, joining hind margin of first abdominal sternum (Fig.257 b), apex not recurved .... Diomus Mulsant
- Postcoxal line complete or incomplete, not joining hind margin of first abdominal sternum, apex recurved (Fig. 268 e, g) .... Scymnus Kugelann
5(3). Postcoxal line complete, recurved to base of first abdominal sternum (Fig. 62 e) .... Didion Casey
- Postcoxal line extending nearly to lateral margin of first abdominal sternum, either parallel to hind margin (Fig. 229 j), or with apex curved forward (Fig. 229 h) .... Nephus Mulsant

Genus Nephaspis Casey

Nephaspis Casey, 1899, p. 168—Casey, 1905, p. 161—Wingo, 1952, p. 44—Gordon, 1972b, p. 145—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 37—Gordon, 1976b, p. 8. Type-species;Nephaspis gorhami Casey, by subsequent designation of Gordon, 1972b.
Nephasis: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 168—Blackwelder, 1945, p. 445 (error).

Scymnini with form elongate, somewhat oval;
length less than 1.60 mm.
Head with mouthparts directed posteroventrally in repose, concealing prosternum (Fig. 57 a);
clypeus extending beyond eye, anterolateral angle produced, rounded, anterior margin truncate, lateral margin emarginate at antennal insertion;
gena partially dividing eye. Maxillary palpus with apical segment somewhat securiform (Fig. 57 b).
Antenna with 8-segmented scape, basal 2 segments enlarged, club 3-segmented (Fig. 57 c).
Pronotum widest at posterolateral angle, narrowed epically.
Prosternum short, only slightly longer than anterior coxa, intercoxal process narrow, apex truncate.
Metasternum tumid.
Front and middle remora slender, not enlarged;
hind femur enlarged medially;
all tibiae slender;
tarsus cryptotetramerous, claw simple, not toothed.
Abdomen with 6 visible sterna; Postcoxal line as in Scymnus (S. str.) (Fig. 57 d).
Male genitalia symmetrical (Fig. 57 e-g).
Female genitalia with distinctly sclerotized spermathecal capsule, infundibulum absent; genital plate long, slender.

The extremely large basal antennal segment, strongly tumid sternum and posteroventrally directed mouthparts characterize this genus.
It is unlike any other Western Hemisphere genus in these respects, being similar only to the Old World genus Clitostethus.

The 4 known species are all entirely neotropical except N. oculatus which is established in the United States.
This species is probably native to Central America and may have entered the West Indies and the United States on imported plant materials.
It is well established in Florida, and Wingo (1952) described it as N. amnicola from specimens taken in Iowa.
All available host data indicate that members of this genus are predators on whiteflies of the family Aleurodidae.
Specific host records are: Aleurodicus dispersus Russell and A. cocois (Curtis). This genus was revised by Gordon (1972b).

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Nephaspis oculatus (Blatchley), new combination
Fig. 57 e-l; Map, Fig. 58

Scymnus oculatus Blatchley, 1917, p. 140.
Nephaspis amnicola Wingo, 1952, p. 44—Gordon, 1972b, p. 149—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 37. New Synonymy.

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##Fig. 58 . Distribution. Nephaspis oculatus.
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Diagnosis.
Length 1.19 to 1.48 mm, width 0.79 to 1.00 mm.
Color yellow; elytron usually piceous to black along base and lateral margin, central area yellowish brown, apex narrowly yellow (Fig. 57 j);
elytron in male is varied from completely black (except apical yellow area) to black or piceous with red or yellow discal spot (Fig. 57 i-l).
Discal spot small and round, or elongate.
Male genitalia as in Figure 57 e-g.
Female genitalia as in Figure 57 h.
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##Fig. 59 . Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. a. Antenna. b. Maxillary palpus. c. Venter. d. Tarsus. e. Postcoxal line. f. Female genitalia.
#___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Discussion.
The name Scymnus oculatus Blatchley was overlooked during preparation of the revision of the genus Scymnus (Gordon, 1976b)
and was brought to my attention by Herbert Dozier.
Examination of the holotype revealed that S. oculatus is the same species later described as amnicola Wingo.

Type locality.
Of oculatus, Dunedin, Florida;
of amnicola, Iowa, Boone, Ledges State Park.
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Type depository.
Of oculatus, PU;
of amnicola, USNM.

Distribution.
Figure 58 . FLORIDA: distributed throughout the state. IOWA: Boone, Ledges State Park. LOUISIANA: Pointe Coupee Parish. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Webster. TEXAS: Cameron Co., La Feria; Weslaco.

Genus Cryptolaemus Mulsant

Cryptolaemus Mulsant, 1853, p. 140—Crotch, 1874b, p. 204—Leng, 1920, p. 214— Korschefsky, 1931, p. l 69—Wingo, 1952, p. 22—Chapin, 1965, p. l 98—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 38. Type-species; Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, by monotypy.

Scymnini with length more than 3.00 mm; form oval, convex.
Antenna with 7-segmented scape, club 3-segmented, loose (Fig. 59 a).
Maxillary palpus with apical segment securiform (Fig. 59 b).
Prosternum broadly rounded anteriorly and produced to cover mouthparts and antenna (Fig. 59 c); carinae weak, parallel, extending less than halfway to anterior margin of prosternum.
Tibial spurs absent; tarsus trimerous; tarsal claw with broad basal tooth equal to half the length of claw (Fig. 59 d).
Abdomen with postcoxal line complete, as in Scymnus (Pullus) (Fig. 59 e).
Male genitalia with basal lobe symmetrical.
Female genitalia with strong spermathecal capsule; sperm duct short; infundibulum reduced to a small sclerite at head of bursa; genital plates long, triangular (Fig. 59 f).

Cryptolaemus is a small genus of the Indo-Australian region.
The only species present in the Western Hemisphere is C. montrouzieri which was introduced as a scale predator.
The expanded prosternum and large size readily separate Cryptolaemus from other genera of New World Scymnini.
In my previous key (Gordon, 1976b) to the genera of Scymnini, I inadvertently omitted this genus. Specific host records are as follows:
Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell); Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell); Coccus viridis (Green); Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell);
Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell); Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck); Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana); Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell);
Eriococcus araucariae (Maskell); Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell); Nipaecoccus aurilanatus (Maskell); Nipaecoccus f lamentosus (Cockerell);
Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell); Planococcus citri (Risso); Planococcus krauhniae (Kuwana); Planococcus vitis (Neidielski);
Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell); Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana); Pseudococcus crotonis (Green); Pseudococcus hirsutus (Green);
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti); Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn); Pseudococcus obscures (Essig); Pulvinaria icerya (Guerin);
Pulvinaria psidii (Maskell); Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green); Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell);
Trionymus insularis (Ehrhorn). Ghorpade (1981) recorded C. montrouzieri as feeding on Aphis gossypii Glover in India.

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Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant
Fig. 60 a-e; Map, Fig. 61

Cryptolaemus montrousieri Mulsant, 1853, p. 140.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri: Crotch, 1874b, p. 204 (emendation)—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 169—Wingo, 1952, p. 45—Chapin, 1965, p. 199—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 38.

Diagnosis.
Length 3 40 to 4.50 mm, width 2.40 to 3.10 mm.
Head, prothorax, tip
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##Fig. 60 . Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. a. b. c. d. e.
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of elytron and abdomen reddish yellow;
mesosternum and metasternum, leg and elytron (except tip) black or blackish (Fig. 60 e).
Punctation of head and pronotum dense, elytral punctation similar except on humeral callus which is shining, almost devoid of punctures.
Male genitalia as in Figure 60 a-d.
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##Fig. 61 . Distribution. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (shaded, disjunct localities dotted).
#_______________________________________________________________________________________

Discussion.
This species is well established in Califonia and south and central Florida.
There are 2 syntypes of montrouzieri, one in the UCCC collection, one in the PM collection (R. D. Pope, pers. comm.).

Type locality.
"Australia."

Type depository.
BMNH.

Distribution.
Figure 61 . CALIFORNIA: San Francisco to San Diego. FLORIDA: Clearwater. INDIANA: Lafayette (from Wingo, 1952). MISSOURI: Washington (from Wingo, 1952).

Genus Didion Casey

Didion Casey, 1899, p. 137—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 111—Gordon, 1976b, p. 8—Belicek, 1976, p. 299. Type-species; Didion longulum Casey, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Scymnini with form elongate, oval; length less than 2.00 mm.
Head short, eye partially concealed by pronotum.
Pronotum with lateral margin strongly convergent epically (except D. nanum), base of pronotum distinctly narrower than base of elytra (Fig. 63 e).
Antenna with scape 7-segmented, club 3 segmented, club segments uneven on lower margin (Fig. 62 a).
Maxillary palpus with apical segment cylindrical, apex oblique (Fig. 62 b).
Apex of prosternum truncate; intercoxal process flat, with a short carina next to each coxa (Fig. 62 c).
Tarsus cryptotetramerous; tarsal claw with strong basal tooth (Fig. 62 d).
Abdomen with postcoxal line on basal sternum complete, as in (Pullus) (Fig. 62 e).
Male genitalia with basal lobe somewhat triangular in ventral view, shorter than paramere; paramere broad, apex rounded; trabes longer than

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##Fig. 62 . Didion sp. a, Antenna. b. Maxillary palpus. c. Prosternum. d. Tarsus. e. Postcoxal line. f. Female genitalia.
#_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

phallobase (Fig. 63 a).
Female genitalia with spermathecal capsule bent near apex;
accessory gland present;
sperm duct short, inserted at base of infundibulum;
infundibulum long, slender;
coxal plate long, slender, with apical stylus (Figure 62 f).

Didion is apparently restricted to North America and is represented by 3 species.
No concrete information is available on host preferences of members of this genus,
but Wingo (1952) thought D. punctatum might be feeding on the two-spotted spider mite.
Belicek (1976) listed D. longulum as being on plants infested with spider mites.

Species of Didion are most likely to be confused with members of the genus

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#__________________________
##Fig 63 . Didion punctatum.
#__________________________

Scymnus, subgenus Pullus, but Didion lacks complete prosternal carinae, has 10-segmented antennae,
usually has the lateral pronotal margin nearly straight and strongly convergent anteriorly,
and has the pronotal base distinctly narrower than the elytral base.

KEY TO SPECIES OF Didion

1. Elytron black with reddish orange discal spot (Fig. 63 e) .... punctatum (Melsheimer)
- Elytron immaculate .... 2
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##Fig. 64 . Distribution. Didion punctatum.
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2(1). Lateral margin of pronotum arcuate (fig. 67f); abdomen densely, coarsely punctured .... nanum (LeConte)
- Lateral margin of pronotum nearly straight, margins convergent epically (Fig. 63 e); abdomen not densely, coarsely punctured .... 3
3(2). Punctures on elytron large, deep, distinct; form extremely elongate, narrow (fig. 63e) .... punctatum (Melsheimer)
- Punctures on elytron small, shallow, indistinct; form oval .... longulum Casey

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Didion punctatum (Melsheimer)
Fig. 63 a-f; Map, Fig. 64

Scymnus punctatus Melsheimer, 1847, p. 80—Horn, 1895, p. 107—Casey, 1899, p. 152—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Wingo, 1952, p. 27.
Scymnus (Pullus) punctatus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 164—Wingo, 1952, p. 27.
Didion punctatum: Gordon, 1976b, p. 49—Belicek, 1976, p. 300.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.45 to 1.80 mm, width 0.90 to 1.25 mm.
Form extremely elongate, slender.
Dorsal surface black or dark brown with anterior pronotal angle pale;
disc of elytron usually with reddish-orange spot (Figs. 63e, f), occasionally immaculate.
Elytral punctures large, deep, distinct.
Male genitalia as in Figure 63 a-d.
Female genitalia as in Figure 62 f.

Discussion.
There are 8 specimens in the type series, all mounted in pairs on 4 points on the same pin
bearing the labels "Melsh, punctatus/(a ragged piece of red paper)."
The top specimen nearest the tip of the point is here designated and labeled as the lectotype,
and the remaining 7 specimens as paralectotypes.

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Type locality.
"Pennsylvania" (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
MCZ.

Distribution.
Figure 64 . Quebec to Alabama, west to British Columbia and California.

Top

Didion longulum Casey
Fig. 65 a-e; Map, Fig. 66

Didion longulum Casey, 1899, p. 137—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 111—Belicek, 1976, p. 299.
Didion parviceps Casey, 1899, p. 137—Leng, 1920, p. 213—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 111. New Synonymy.
Scymnus (Pullus) occiduus Casey, 1899, p 153—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 163. New Synonymy.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.38 to 1.75 mm, width 0.95 to 1.20 mm.
Form elongate, oval. Dorsal surface black or piceous.
Pronotum with surface alutaceous, punctures nearly invisible except some northern specimens with fine but distinct punctures.
Elytral punctures fine, shallow.
Abdominal sterna feebly punctured, mostly smooth.
Male genitalia as in Figure 65 a-d.
Female genitalia as in Figure 65 e.

Discussion.
This species and D. nanum are similar, but D. nanum has distinct, coarse punctures on the pronotum and the surface between punctures is shiny.
The siphonal apices are also different in the 2 species (Figs. 65c, 67c).

In my revision of the subgenus Pullus (Gordon, 1976b), I had intended to point out that Scymnus (Pullus) occiduus Casey belonged in the genus Didion,
but failed to do so. Therefore I now so indicate and also place occiduus as a junior synonym of longulum.
There are 2 types of occiduus (male and female) in the Casey collection,
I designate and label the female as the lectotype and the male as a paralectotype.
The types of D. longulum and D. parviceps are unique females (holotypes).
I cannot separate D. parviceps from D. longulum and consider them synonymous.

Type locality.
Of longulum, California, Sonoma Co., Duncans Mills;
of parviceps, California, Sonoma Co.;
of occiduus, Nevada, Reno (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
Of longulum (35247),
parviceps (35248), and
occiduus, (35249), USNM.

Distribution.
Figure 66 . Alberta to British Columbia, south to California.

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Didion nanum (LeConte)
Fig. 67 a-f; Map, Fig. 66

Scymnus nanus LeConte, 1852, p. 141—Crotch, 1874b, p. 269—Horn, 1895, p. 107—Wingo, 1952, p. 28.
Scymnus (Pullus) nanus: Casey, 1899, p. 153—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 163—Wingo, 1952, p. 28.
Didion nanum: Gordon, 1976b, p. 49—Belicek, 1976, p. 300.

Diagnosis.
Length 1.50 to 1.80 mm, width 1.15 to 1.40 mm.
Form elongate, oval (Fig. 67 f).
Color black; anterolateral angle of pronotum, mouthparts and leg dark reddish brown.
Punctation on head fine, punctures separated by a diameter or less.

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#_________________________________________
##Fig. 65 . Didion longulum. a. b. c. d. e.
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Pronotum with punctures equal in size to those on head, separated by less than to twice a diameter;
lateral margins not convergent anteriorly, rounded in apical 1/4.
Elytron smooth, shiny, punctures coarser than on pronotum, separated by a diameter or less; pubescence grayish white, arranged in S-curve.
Postcoxal line nearly reaching hind margin of first sternum.
All abdominal sterna coarsely, densely punctured; 5th
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#________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 66 . Distribution. Didion longulum (shaded); D. nanum (dot).
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sternum feebly emarginate apically; 6th sternum broadly, deeply emarginate.
Male genitalia as in Figure 67 a-d.
Female genitalia as in Figure 67 e.

Discussion.
This species has often been identified as Scymnus (Pullus) tenebrosus in collections.
The form is broader than in other species of Didion, the pronotal margins are not convergent anteriorly,
and all abdominal sterna are coarsely, densely punctured.
Didion nanum resembles a typical Pullus in fascies more than it does other species of Didion.

LeConte (1852) stated that he had 2 specimens of nanus. There are 2 specimens now in his collection.
The first of these, a female labeled "(pale green disc)/4698/ Type 6747(red paper)" is here designated and labeled the lectotype.
The second specimen, a male, bears a pale blue disc which denotes a Lake Superior locality; thus I do not consider this specimen to be a type.

Type locality.
"Missouri Territory" (lectotype here designated).

Type depository.
MCZ.

Distribution.
Figure 66 . IOWA: state record. ILLINOIS: Quincy. KANSAS: Atchison. MASSACHUSETTS: Berlin; Boston. ONTARIO: Brockville; Pt. Pelee; Prince Edward Co. PENNSYLVANIA: Dauphin Co., Harrisburg; Monroe Co., Canadensis, Wind Gap.

Genus Scymnus Kugelann

Scymnus Kugelann, 1794, p. 545.—Mulsant, 1846, p. 2 1 9.—Mulsant, 1850, p. 948.— Mulsant 1853, p. 152.—Costa, 1849, p. 82.—LeConte, 1852, p. 130.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 239.—Chapuis, 1876, p. 211.—Weise, 1885a, p. 6, 67.—Horn 1895, p.

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##Fig. 67 . Didion nanum. a. b. c. d. e. f.
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83.—Casey, 1899, p. 134.—Mader 1924, p. 8.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 115.—Wingo, 1952, p. 19.—Mader 1955, p. 869.—Fursch, 1958, p. 77.—Bielawski, 1959, p. 36.—Arnett, 1963, p. 809.—Chapin, 1965, p. 202.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 18.— Gordon, 1976b, p 10. Type-species; Scymnus nigrinus Kugelann, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Scymnini with form varying from rounded to elongate, oval, widest at middle of elytra unless otherwise stated.
Antenna 10 or 11 -segmented, club of 4 or 5 segments, lower margin of club segments uneven (Fig. 68 a, b).
Apical segment of maxillary palpus cylindrical, apex obliquely truncate.
Anterior margin of clypeus truncate or slightly convex, clypeus extending slightly beyond eye, a narrow, short projection extending onto eye at antennal insertion.
Tarsus with 4 segments, tarsal claw of male with inner claw larger than in female.
Prosternum with distinct carinae (Fig. 68 c).
Postcoxal line recurved toward base of first abdominal sternum, complete or incomplete.
Female genitalia with sclerotized infundibulum; genital plate long, narrowly triangular (Fig. 68 d).

The genus Scymnus was revised by Gordon (1976b); therefore, only additional locality records
and some necessary corrections in synonymy are included for each species herein,
except for one introduced species not included in 1976b, Scymnus (P.) suturalis Thunberg.

KEY TO SUBGENERA OF Scymnus

1. Postcoxal line incomplete, apical end recurved, directed toward base of first sternum (Fig. 68 e) .... Scymnus Kugelann
- Postcoxal line complete, recurved, extending to base of first sternum (Fig. 68 g) .... Pullus Mulsant

Subgenus Scymnus Kugelann

Scymnus Kugelann, 1794, p. 545.—Mulsant, 1846, p.219.—Mulsant, 1850, p. 965.— Casey, 1899, p. 138.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 115.—Wingo, 1952, p. 27.—Mader, 1955, p. 929.—Fursch, 1958, p. 79.—Bielawski, 1959, p. 44.—Kamiya, 1961, p. 291.—Hatch, 1961, p. 151.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 19.— Gordon, 1976b, p. 10.—Belicek, 1976, p. 300. Type-species; Scymnus nigrinus Kugelann, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Antenna 10 or 11-segmented (Fig. 68 a, b); apical segment of maxillary palpus cylindrical, obliquely truncate apically.
Prosternum with 2 strong carinae nearly always reaching anterior margin.
Postcoxal line incomplete, curved forward apically (Fig. 68 e, i); male 5th and 6th abdominal sterna truncate or emarginate epically.
Female with distinct infundibulum (Fig. 69 e).

KEY TO SPECIES OF Scymnus (Scymnus)

1. Species with elytron entirely pale or mostly pale with some dark areas, if mostly dark then pale areas not restricted to apical third nor forming distinct median spot on elytron .... 2
- Species with elytron black or black with distinct, pale, median or apical spot .... 3

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##Fig. 68 . Scymnus sp. a, b. Antennae. c. Prosternum. d. Genital plates. e-g. Postcoxal lines.
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2(1). Form evenly tapered at both ends, average length less than 2.0 mm; elytron never with distinct, irregular, dark spots .... difficilis Casey
- Form broad in apical third, pronotum and elytron noticeably discontinuous; average length more than 2.0 mm.; elytron with distinct, irregular, dark spots at least on California specimens .... nebulosus LeConte
3(1). Elytron black with pale antero-median spot .... circumspectus Horn
- Elytron black without pale antero-median spot .... 4

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##Fig. 69 . Scymnus (S.) nebulosus. a. b. c. d. e.
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4(3). Postcoxal line distinctly separated from hind margin of first abdominal sternum (Fig. 68 f) .... 5
- Postcoxal line reaching hind margin of first abdominal sternum or approaching it closely (Fig. 68 e) .... 7
5(4). Species known only from east of the Mississippi River; postcoxal line approaching hind maven of first sternum .... indianensis Weise
- Species known only from west of the Mississippi River, postcoxal line not approaching hind margin of first sternum .... 6
6(5). Apex of elytron with pale area forming a spot occupying apical 1/4 or more .... coosi Hatch
- Apex of elytron not or very feebly pale .... fenderi Malkin
7(4). Apical 1/3 or more of elytron yellowish red; pronotum alutaceous .... opaculus Horn
- Apex of elytron black or with narrow, pale yellow border; pronotum not alutaceous (except caurinus) .... 8
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##Fig. 70 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) nebulosus.
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8(7). Pronotum alutaceous with punctures finer than on head; distribution mostly west of Rocky Mountains .... caurinus Horn
- Pronotum not alutaceous, punctures usually larger than on head; distribution mostly east of Rocky Mountains .... 9
9(8). Form extremely elongate, nearly parallel sided; known only from west of the Mississippi River .... 10
- Form rounded, not parallel sided; known from both east and west of the Mississippi River .... 11
10(9). Surface of elytron smooth, punctures distinctly coarser than on pronotum .... apicanus pseudapicanus, new name
- Surface of elytron distinctly micro-reticulate, punctures not or barely larger than on pronotum .... paracanus linearis Gordon
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##Fig. 71 . Scymnus (S.) difficilis. a. b. c. d. e.
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11(9). Basal lobe of male genitalia emarginate ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 82 b); female infundibulum slender, tapered at spermathecal end (Fig. 82 e) .... americanus Mulsant
- Male and female genitalia not as described above .... 12
12(11). Paramere of male genitalia short, strongly tapered from base to apex (Fig. 87 b); female infundibulum slender, sinuate toward spermathecal end (Fig. 87 e) .... paracanus paracanus J. Chapin
- Paramere of male genitalia elongate, not tapered toward apex (Fig. 84 b); female infundibulum short, broad at sperm athecal end (Fig. 84 e) .... apicanus apicanus J. Chapin

Scymnus (Scymnus) nebulosus LeConte
Fig. 69 a-e; Map, Fig. 70

Scymnus nebulosus LeConte, 1852, p. 137.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 262.—Horn, 1895, p. 95.—Steinweden, 1929, p. 29.
Scymnus (Scymnus) nebulosus: Casey, 1899, p. 154.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 163.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 22.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 13.
Scymnus infuscatus Boheman, 1859, p. 208.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 15.
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##Fig. 72 . Scymnus (S.) coosi. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus phelpsii Crotch, 1874a, p. 77.—Horn, 1895, p. 96.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 15.
Scymnus(Scymnus) phelpsii: Casey, 1899, p. 1954.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.—Malkin, 1943b, p. 194.—Hatch, 1961, p. 153.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 15.—Belicek, 1976, p. 302.
Scymnus (Scymnus) harneyi Hatch, 1961, p. 152.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 15.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 13.

Scymnus (Scymnus) difficilis Casey
Fig. 71 a-e; Map, Fig. 73

Scymnus (Scymnus) difiicilis Casey, 1899, p. 154.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 157.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 19.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 19.

Scymnus (Scymnus) coosi Hatch
Fig. 72 a-d; Map, Fig. 73

Scymnus (Scymnus) coosi Hatch, 1961, p. 152.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 20.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 20.
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##Fig. 73 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) difficilis (dot); S. (S.) coosi (star).
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Scymnus (Scymnus) fenderi Malkin
Fig. 74 a-e; Map, Fig. 75

Scymnus (Scymnus) fenderi Malkin, 1943a, p. 109.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 23.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1 976b, p. 23.

Scymnus (Scymnus) caurinus Horn
Fig. 76 a-e; Map, Fig. 77

Scymnus caurinus Horn, 1895, p. 97.

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##Fig. 74 , Scymnus (S.) fenderi. a. b. c. d. e.
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Scymnus (Scymnus) caurinus: Casey, 1899, p. 154.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.—Malkin, 1943b, p. 194.—Hatch, 1961, p. 151.—Belicek, 1976, p. 303.—Gordon, 1976b, 26.
Scymnus (Scymnus) aluticollis Casey, 1899, p. 154.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 153.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 26.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 26.

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##Fig 75 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) fenderi.
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##Fig. 76 . Scymnus (S.) caurinus. a. b. c. d. e.
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##Fig. 77 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) caurinus.
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##Fig. 78 . Scymnus (S.) indianensis. a. b. c. d. e.
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Scymnus (Scymnus) indianensis Weise
Fig. 78 a-e; Map, Fig. 79

Scymnus india nensis Weise, 1929, p. 33.
Scymnus (Scymnus) indianensis: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Wingo, 1952, p. 27.— J. Chapin, 1973, p. 1071. J. Chapin, 1974, p. 20. Gordon, 1976b, p. 30.
Scymnus (Scymnus) rusticus Casey, 1899, p. 154 (not Weise, 1895a). -Leng, 1920, p. 214.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 30.

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##Fig. 79 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) indianensis.
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##Fig. 80 . Scymnus (S.) circumspectus. a. b. c. d. e.
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Scymnus (Scymnus) circumspectus Horn
Fig. 80 a-e; Map, Fig. 81

Scymnus circumspectus Hom, 1895, p. 96.
Scymnus (Scymnus) circumspectus: Casey, 1899, p. 153.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.— Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.—Wingo, 1952, p. 27.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 20.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 32.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 32.

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##Fig. 81 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) circumspectus.
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#_________________________________________________
##Fig. 82 . Scymnus (S.) Americanus. a. b. c. d. e.
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#________________________________________________
##Fig. 83 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) americanus.
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Scymnus (Scymnus) americanus Mulsant
Fig. 82 a-e; Map, Fig. 83

Scymnus (Scymnus) americanus Mulsant, 1850, p. 965.—Casey, 1899, p. 153.— Blatchley, 1910, p. 526.—Wingo, 1952, p. 27.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 35.
Scymnus americanus:LeConte, 1852,p. 137.—Crotch, 1874b,p.262.—Horn, 1895, p. 97.—Wilson, 1927, p. 170.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 35.

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#_______________________________________________________
##Fig. 84 . Scymnus (S) apicanus apicanus. a. b. c. d. e.
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##Fig. 85 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) apicanus apicanus (dot); S. a. pseudapicanus (star).
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Scymnus (Scymnus) apicanus apicanus J. Chapin
Fig. 84 a-e; Map, Fig. 85

Scymnus (Scymnus) apicanus J. Chapin, 1973, p. 1071.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 20.— Gordon, 1976b, p. 38.—Belicek, 1976, p. 301.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 38.

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##Fig. 86 . Scymnus (S.) apicanus pseudapicanus. a. b. c.
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Scymnus (Scymnus) apicanus pseudapicanus, new name
Fig. 86 a-c; Map, Fig. 85

Scymnus (Scymnus) apicanus borealis Gordon, 1976b, p. 38, not Scymnus borealis Hatch, 1961.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 38.

Scymnus (Scymnus) paracanus paracanus J. Chapin
Fig. 87 a-e; Map, Fig. 88

Scymnus(Scymnus) paracanus J. Chapin, 1973, p. 1071.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 21.Gordon, 1976b, p. 41.—Belicek, 1976, p. 302.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 41.

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#__________________________________________________________
##Fig. 87 . Scymnus (S.) paracanus paracanus. a. b. c. d. e.
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##Fig. 88 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) paracanus paracanus (dot); S. p. linearis (star).
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Scymnus (Scymnus) paracanus linearis Gordon
Fig. 89 a-e; Map, Fig. 88

Scymnus (Scymnus) paracanus linearis Gordon, 1976b, p. 44.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 41.

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#_________________________________________________________
##Fig. 89 . Scymnus (S.) paracanus linearis. a. b. c. d. e.
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##Fig 90 . Scymnus (S.) opaculus. a. b. c. d. e.
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Scymnus (Scymnus) opaculus Horn
Fig. 90 a-e; Map, Fig. 91

Scymnus opaculus Horn, 1895, p. 96.—Casey, 1899, p. 160.
Scymnus (Scymnus) opaculus: Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 163. Hatch, 1961, p. 151.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 45.—Belicek, 1976, p. 302.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 45.

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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 91 . Distribution. Scymnus (S.) opaculus.
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Subgenus Pullus Mulsant

Pullus Mulsant, 1846, p.241.—Mulsant, 1850, p.976.—Weise, 1885a, p.65.—Casey, 1899, p. 139.—Mader, 1924, p. 8.—Wingo, 1952, p. 11.—Fursch, 1958, p. 79.— Bielawski, 1959, p. 37.—Arnett, 1963, p. 812.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 22.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 48.—Belicek, 1976, p. 303. Type-species: Coccinella subvillosa Goeze, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Antenna 11-segmented (Fig. 68 b); apical segment of maxillary palpus cylindrical, obliquely truncate apically.
Prosternum with 2 strong carinae nearly always reaching anterior margin.
Tarsus cryptotetramerus.
Postcoxal line complete, recurved apically, reaching base of first aWominal sternum (Fig. 68 g);
male 5th and 6th abdominal sterna moderately to strongly emarginate and impressed apically.

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#___________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 92 . Regions corresponding to the keys to species of Scymnus (Pullus).
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KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Scymnus (Pullus) OF REGION I
Map, Fig. 92

1. Male with tubercle at center of first abdominal sternum; pronotum black or dark with an obscure, narrow, pale anterior border; leg entirely black or piceous (see postpictus Casey) .... marginicollis Mannerheim
- Male lacking abdominal tubercle; pronotum variable but if black then with anterior border also black; leg variable but rarely entirely dark .... 2
2(1). Dorsal color pattern light reddish yellow with a dark median area extending from basal portion of pronotum posteriorly along elytral suture, narrowed at apex of elytron (Fig. 130 e) (see nugator Casey) .... loewii Mulsant
- Dorsal color pattern not as described above .... 3
3(2). Color entirely light yellowish brown; introduced into Eastern Canada and North Carolina (see suturalis Thunberg) .... impexus (Mulsant)
- Color not entirely yellowish brown, usually mostly black (except some forms of brullei) .... 4
4(3). Species entirely black dorsally except head may be partly or entirely pale, apex of elytron sometimes narrowly red or yellow, pronotal angle sometimes obscurely paler than disc .... 5
- Species with at least anterior pronotal angle pale red or yellow, usually with pronotum entirely pale or with a black, parabolic spot anterior to scutellum .... 9
5(4). Apex of elytron with a distinct yellow border .... pulvinatus Wingo
- Apex of elytron black or barely perceptibly red .... 6
6(5). Abdomen with median area of last 3 sterna distinctly pale, yellowish brown; anterior pronotal angle with a relatively broad, obscure area noticeably paler than disc; length less than 2.00 mm .... compar Casey

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- Abdomen usually entirely black; anterior pronotal angle entirely black or with very narrow paler area on margin; length more than 2.0 mm (except abbreviatus) .... 7
7(6). Length 1.90 to 2.05 mm; I st abdominal sternum of male with a tri-angular, feebly depressed, shining area medially .... abbreviates LeConte
- Length 2.0 mm or more, nearly always more than 2.20 mm; 1st abdominal sternum of male with a flattened median area, not depressed, somewhat rectangular .... 8
8(7). Average length 2.30-2.40 mm; form broad, robust; male genitalia as in Figure 138 .... tenebrosus Mulsant
- Average length 2.10-2.20 mm; form elongate, slender; male genitalia as in Figure 211 ....... lacustris
9(4). Elytron entirely light brown or with dark areas in basal 1/2 .... brullei Mulsant
- Elytron with at least basal 1/2 black .... 10
10(9). Pronotum entirely red or yellow .... 11
- Pronotum with at least median, basal projection black, usually with a large, black, parabolic spot medially .... 14
11(10). Form rounded, sides of elytra not parallel; lateral pronotal margin continuous with lateral margin of elytron; male with last sternum distinctly impressed .... 12
- Form elongate, sides of elytra parallel at least medially; Pronotum narrower than elytra at base; male with last sternum barely perceptibly impressed .... kansanus Casey
12(11). Elytron with large, red, apical spot, often occupying apical jhi .... 13
- Elytron with apex narrowly red .... cervicalis Mulsant
13(12). Form robust, rounded; apex of elytral spot strongly arcuate .... nemorivagus Wingo
- Form elongate; apex of elytral spot feebly arcuate (Fig. 108 ) .... semiruber Horn
14(10). Elytron with a distinct, pale area or spot in apical jhl .... 15
- Elytron black, usually with a narrow, apical red or yellow border, always straight, never taking the form of a defined spot .... 22
15(14). Form elongate, sides parallel medially; elytron with large, apical red spot extending forward at suture (Fig. 120 ) .... festatus Wingo
- Form rounded, sides not parallel, apical spot not extending forward at suture .... 16
16(15). Pronotum entirely red except basal median projection black; posterior third or more of elytron red .... 17
- Color combination not as above .... 18
17(16). Species known only from Missouri and Arkansas; male genitalia with basal lobe heavily sclerotized, almost rectangular with a small median projection (Fig. 123 ) .... nemorivagus Wingo
- Species known only from extreme eastern United States, Massachusetts to Florida; male genitalia with basal lobe feebly sclerotized, slender, apex pointed (Fig. 108 ) .... semiruber Horn
18(16). Length 2.00 mm or less, width less than 1.50 mm.; dorsal pubescence short, oppressed, grayish white; apical spot on elytron curved toward apex at suture (Fig. 116 ) .... rubricaudus Casey
- Characters not all as above .... 19
19(18). Length more than 2.00 mm, width 1.40 mm or more; dorsal pubsecence long, erect, yellowish white; apical spot on elytron as described for rubricaudus: pronotum entirely black except antero-lateral angle pale .... securus J. Chapin
- Not entirely as described above; Pronotum usually pale with black median spot .... 20
20(19). Elytron with red apical spot usually occupying at least apical 1/4, red (Fig. 225 ); last sternum of male deeply emarginate, lateral angle of emargination abrupt .... brullei Mulsant
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_ Elytron with apical pale spot restricted to apical 1/5 (Fig. 125 ); last sternum of male feebly emarginate, feebly impressed .... 21
21(20). Male genitalia with dorsal processes of basal lobe convergent apically (Fig. 127 ) .... louisianae J. Chapin
- Male genitalia with dorsal processes of basal lobe widely separated apically (Fig. 125 ) .... fraternus LeConte
22(14). Male genitalia with ventral ala strongly fused to basal lobe, apex of basal lobe bluntly triangular (Fig. 215 ) .... caudalis LeConte
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 23
23(22). Last sternum of male deeply emarginate, lateral angle of emargination abrupt; genitalia robust, heavily sclerotized, dorsal margin of paramere with long setae (Fig. 225 ) .... brullei Mulsant
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 24
24(23). First sternum of male with a deep, elongate-oval pit surrounded by dense hairs, often with a faint, longitudinal carina in middle of pit (Fig. 150 ); basal lobe of genitalia with ventral projection blunt .... iowensis Casey
- First sternum and genitalia not as described above .... 25
25(24). First sternum of male with a small, deep, triangular pit at apical margin; basal lobe of genitalia with ventral apical projection feebly developed, an elongate-oval, lightly sclerotized area on each side of middle in ventral view (Fig. 170 ) .... consobrinus LeConte
- First sternum and genitalia not as described above .... 26
26(25). Male genitalia with apex of basal lobe pointed, abruptly hooked downward in lateral view (Fig. 198 ) .... uncus Wingo
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 27
27(26). Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala fused, apex of basal lobe projecting, pointed, (Fig. 200 ) .... puncticollis LeConte
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 28
28(27). Male genitalia with ventral projection of basal lobe tapered to a point, much longer than dorsal projection (Fig. 136 ) .... socer LeConte
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 29
29(28). Male genitalia heavily sclerotized, basal lobe broad, apex triangular in dorsal view, ventral projection tapered to a blunt point in ventral view (Fig. 153 ) .... majus, new name
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 30
30(29). Male genitalia with apex of basal lobe bluntly rounded, fused to ventral ala, margins of siphonal passage fused before apex (Fig. 218 ) .... creperus Mulsant
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 31
31(30). Male genitalia with basal lobe fused to ventral ala, apex of basal lobe flattened, triangularly spatulate, projecting beyond ventral ala (Fig. 217 ) .... peninsularis Gordon
- Male genitalia with basal lobe pointed epically; paramere slender, lower margin produced medially (Fig. 187 ) .... wingoi Gordon

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Scymnus (Pullus) OF REGION II
Map, Fig. 92

1. Elytron black with a large, median, reddish orange spot (Fig. 98 ) .... pacificus Crotch
- Elytron without median spot .... 2
2(1). Form extremely elongate, parallel-sided, lateral margin of pronotum and elytron strongly discontinuous (Fig. 93 ) .... coniferarum Crotch

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- Form oval, not parallel-sided; lateral margin of pronotum and elytron not noticeably discontinuous .... 3
3(2). Dorsal surface pale yellowish brown, elytron and pronotum unicolorous; length 2.00 mm or less; elytron distinctly alutaceous .... pallens LeConte
- Dorsal surface dark, or with a contrasting color pattern, not entirely pale, if pronotum and elytron unicolorous then length more than 2.25 mm; elytron not alutaceous .... 4
4(3). Dorsal color reddish brown, scutellum and sutural margin of elytron narrowly black; length 2.00 mm or less .... nugator Casey
- Dorsal color not as described above .... 5
5(4). Length less than 1.77 mm; pronotum pale yellowish brown, elytron dark reddish brown; Texas, Big Bend .... pauculus Gordon
- Length nearly always more than 1.75 mm; color pattern not as described above or if so, then length more than 2.50 mm .... 6
6(5). Dorsal color pattern light brown with a dark median area extending from basal portion of pronotum posteriorly along elytral suture, narrowed at apex of elytron (Fig. 130 e) .... loewii Mulsant
- Color pattern not as described above .... 7
7(6). Form elongate, nearly parallel-sided; dorsal color pattern either entirely reddish brown or with a median, black, pronotal spot .... flavescens Casey
- Color pattern not as above, or, if so, then form distinctly rounded (brullei Mulsant) .... 8
8(7). Length 2.00 mm or less; dorsal color pattern light yellowish brown with basal projection of pronotum and narrow sutural border dark brown to black, some specimens also with a black lateral and anterior border on elytron; Texas, Big Bend .... enochrus Gordon
- Length usually more than 2.00 mm.; color pattern not as described above .... 9
9(8). Pronotum entirely red or yellow .... 10
- Pronotum with at least median, basal projection black .... 11
10(9). Form rounded, sides of elytra not parallel; lateral prenatal margin continuous with lateral margin of elytron; male with last sternum distinctly impressed .... cervicalis Mulsant
- Form elongate, sides of elytra nearly parallel, at least medially; pronotum narrower than elytra at base; male with last sternum barely perceptibly impressed .... kansanus Casey
11(9). Dorsal color entirely light reddish brown except some dark color on pronotum, sometimes an obscure dark area present on basal jhi of elytron (Fig. 225 ); male with last sternum strongly emarginate, angle of emargination abrup .... brullei Mulsant
- Dorsal color and male last sternum not as described above .... 12
12(11). Species with a large, definite pale area at apex of elytron .... 13
- Species with apex of elytron black or with a more or less well-defined, pale apical border, never a definite pale spot (see socer LeConte) .... 17
13(12). Punctures on elytron coarse, arranged in curved, transverse rows, giving a slightly rugose appearance; male first sternum with tubercle medially .... postpictus Casey
- Punctures on elytron fine, not arranged in rows; male first sternum without tubercle .... 14
14(13). Length less than 2.10 mm, form elongate, nearly parallel-sided (Fig. 116 ) .... rubricaudus Casey
- Length more than 2.10 mm; form rounded, not parallel-sided .... 15
15(14). Elytron with apical spot usually restricted to apical 1/5, yellow (Fig. 125 ); last sternum of male feebly emarginate, feebly impressed .... 16

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- Elytron with apical spot usually occupying at least apical 1/4 (Fig. 225 ); last sternum of male deeply emarginate, lateral angle of emargination abrupt .... brullei Mulsant
16(15). Male genitalia with dorsal processes of basal lobe convergent apically (Fig. 127 ) .... louisianae J. Chapin
- Male genitalia with dorsal processes of basal lobe widely separated (Fig. 125 ) .... fraternus LeConte
17(12). Postcoxal line reaching hind margin of first sternum; form elongate, almost parallel-sided; apex of elytron distinctly reddish yellow .... monticola Casey
- Postcoxal line not reaching hind margin of first sternum; color and form variable .... 18
18(17). Pronotum entirely black or black with a very small, obscure, paler area at anterolateral angle .... 19
- Pronotum mostly pale with a central dark area, or at least with antero-lateral angle broadly, distinctly red or yellow (see horni Gorham) .... 28
19(18). Known from the eastern edge of Region II (see compar Casey) .... tenebrosus Mulsant
- Known from Colorado westward (see weidti Casey) .... 20
20(19). Male genitalia with basal lobe slender, nearly as long as ventral ala, not fused to ventral ala (Fig. 157 ) .... renoicus Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 21
21(20). Male genitalia with basal lobe much shorter than ventral ala, not fused to ala, inner portion of ala lightly sclerotized, outer portion heavily Sclerotized (Fig. 160 ) .... mormon Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 22
22(21). Male genitalia pale, nearly transparent (Fig. 166 ) .... aridus Casey
- Male genitalia darkened, definitely Sclerotized .... 23
23(22). Male genitalia with apex of ventral projection of basal lobe robust, truncate (Fig. 151 ) .... calaveras Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 24
24(23). Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala fused, apex more or less pointed in lateral view (Fig. 197 ) .... 25
- Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala fused, apex broadly rounded in lateral view .... 27
25(24). Sclerotized area of ventral ala nearly truncate apically, apex of basal lobe bluntly pointed (Fig. 197 ) .... papago Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 26
26(25). Sclerotized area of ventral ala deeply emarginate epically, apex of basal lobe sharply pointed (Fig. 192 ) .... wickhami Gordon
- Sclerotized area of ventral ala not emarpinate, rounded epically, apex of basal lobe sharply pointed (Fig. 184 ) .... impletus Gordon
27(24). Male genitalia with apex of basal lobe wide in lateral view, slightly enlarged before apex (Fig. 211 ) .... lacustris LeConte
- Male genitalia with apex of basal lobe narrow in lateral view, not enlarged before apex (Fig. 213 ) .... tahoensis Casey
28(18). Elytron strongly alutaceous, feebly shining; length about 2.00 mm .... uteanus Casey
- Elytron not noticeably alutaceous, strongly shining; length usually more than 2.00 mm .... 29
29(28). Pronotum mostly yellow or red with a small parabolic spot medially at base, spot not approaching anterior margin of Pronotum .... 30
- Pronotum mostly black with lateral margin and/or antero-lateral angle yellow or red, anterior margin of Pronotum black or very narrowly pale .... 35
30(29). Elytron with apical pale border wide, at least 1/5 of a mm; pronotal spot small,

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usually confined to area just anterior to basal median projection (see uncus Wingo) .... creperus Mulsant
- Elytron with apical pale border narrow, less than 1/6 of a mm.; pronotal spot usually extending ' the distance to anterior margin or more .... 31
31(30). Form rounded; length 2.40 mm .... garlandicus Casey
- Form elongate; length 2.25 mm or less .... 32
32(31). Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala not fused (Fig. 150 ) .... 34
- Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala fused (Fig. 174 ) .... 33
33(32). Male genitalia short, compact, feebly sclerotized (Fig. 174 ) .... cockerelli Casey
- Male genitalia long, slender, lightly sclerotized (Fig. 215 ) .... caudalis LeConte
34(32). Male genitalia with ventral projection of basal lobe bluntly rounded, only slightly longer than dorsal projection (Fig. 150 ); male with pit on first sternum deep, elongate-oval, often with a fine, longitudinal carina at middle (Fig. 150 ) .... iowensis Casey
- Male genitalia with ventral projection of median lobe pointed, distinctly longer than dorsal projection (Fig. 186 ); median area of male first sternum glabrous, slightly flattened, densely punctured .... simulans Gordon
35(29). Length 2.00 mm or less .... 36
- Length more than 2.10 mm .... 38
36(35). Male genitalia pale, nearly transparent .... 37
- Male genitalia darkened, definitely sclerotized (Fig. 156 ) .... utahensis Gordon
37(36). Male genitalia with apex of dorsal projection of basal lobe broad, truncate (Fig. 162 ) .... ardelio Casey
- Male genitalia with apex of dorsal projection of basal lobe slender, no wider than ventral projection (Fig. 166 ) .... aridus Casey
38(35). Dorsal pubescence at least partly yellowish brown .... 39
- Dorsal pubescence entirely grayish or yellowish white .... 40
39(38). Black area of pronotum extending to anterior margin of pronotum, broad anterolateral angle pale .... barberi Gordon
- Black area of pronotum not quite reaching anterior margin medially, broad anterolateral angle and narrow anterior border pale .... solidus Casey
40(38). Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala fused; male without pit on first sternum .... 41
- Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala not fused, ventral projection of basal lobe bluntly rounded (Fig. 150 ); male with deep elongate-oval pit on first sternum (Fig. 150 ) .... iowensis Casey
41(40). Male genitalia with central carinae of basal lobe divergent at apex, leaving a blunt, triangular apical area (Fig. 215 ) .... caudalis LeConte
- Male genitalia with central carinae of basal lobe not divergent, apex of basal lobe pointed in ventral view (Fig. 211 ) .... lacustris LeConte

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Scymnus (Pullus) OF REGION III
Map, Fig. 92

1. Elytron with a large, median, reddish orange spot (Fig. 98 ) .... pacificus Crotch
- Elytron without a median spot .... 2
2(1). Length nearly twice the width; lateral margin of pronotum strongly discontinuous with lateral margin of elytron; elytron yellowish brown with suture and scutellum usually black or dark brown (Fig. 93 ) .... coniferarum Crotch
- Length much less than twice the width; lateral pronotal margin more or less continuous with elytron; color variable .... 3


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3(2). Dorsal color primarily light brown or yellow, with or without a dark pattern .... 4
- Dorsal color primarily black or dark brown, with or without pale areas .... 12
4(3). Postcoxal line on first sternum reaching hind margin of sternum .... 5
- Postcoxal line on first sternum not reaching hind margin of sternum .... 6
5(4). Form elongate; Pronotum entirely pale or with a median black area; postcoxal line angulate flavescens Casey
- Form rounded; Pronotum always black at least medially; postcoxal line rounded, not angulate .... nigricollis Gordon
6(4). Elytron distinctly alutaceous, feebly shining; dorsum entirely light yellowish brown; form round; length less than 2.00 mm .... pallens LeConte
- Elytron not alutaceous, shining; dorsum with or without a dark pattern, length variable .... 7
7(6). Form elongate; dorsum entirely yellowish brown .... mimoides Gordon
- Form not particularly elongate, dorsum not entirely yellowish brown .... 8
8(7). Length less than 1.75 mm, pronotum pale yellowish brown, elytron reddish brown; Texas, Big Bend .... pauculus Gordon
- Length more than 1.75 mm; color pattern not as described above .... 9
9(8). Length 2.00 mm or less; dorsal color pattern light yellowish brown with basal projection of Pronotum and narrow sutural border dark brown to black, some specimens also with a black lateral and anterior border on elytron; Texas, Big Bend .... enochrus Gordon
- Length usually more than 2.00 mm, color pattern not as described above .... 10
10(9). Dorsal color pattern light brown with a dark median area extending from basal portion of Pronotum posteriorly along elytral suture, narrowed at apex of elytron (Fig. 130 e) .... loewii Mulsant
- Color pattern not as described above .... 11
11(10). Length 2.00 mm or slightly less; paramere of male genitalia as broad as basal lobe (Fig. 177 ) .... nugator Casey
- Length 1.75 mm or less; paramere of male genitalia narrower than basal lobe (Fig. 179 ) .... neomexicanus Gordon
12(3). Pronotum entirely red or yellow .... cervicalis Mulsant
- Pronotum black at least basally .... 13
13(12). Apical 1/4 to 1/3 of elytron red (Fig. 134 ); punctures on elytron coarse, arranged in curved, transverse rows, giving a slightly rugose appearance to elytron; male first sternum with tubercle .... postpictus Casey
- Species with all characters not as described above .... 14
14(13). Male with tubercle at middle of first sternum; elytron black except narrow apical border pale; leg usually all black; Pronotum with color variable but always with at least a narrow anterior border pale .... marginicollis Mannerheim
- Male without tubercle; leg usually pale or at least apical of tibia pale .... 15
15(14). Species with a distinct pale area on apex of elytron, or a pale, discal spot .... 16
- Species with apex of elytron black or with a straight pale border, never with a distinct pale spot .... 18
16(15). Species with a transversely oval, yellow spot restricted to apical 1/5 of elytron .... 17
- Species with apical 1/4 to ' of elytron red or with an elongate, median, red spot on elytron (Fig. 130 ) .... loewii Mulsant
17(16). Pronotum black, anterolateral angle very narrowly yellow; male 1st sternum not depressed medially, coarsely, densely punctured .... caffer Gordon
- Pronotum usually with median, parabolic, black spot, at least antero- lateral angle broadly yellow or red; male I st sternum depressed medially, finely, densely punctured .... louisianae J. Chapin

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18(15). Pronotum entirely black (see tahoensis Casey) .... 19
- Pronotum with at least anterolateral angle distinctly pale .... 24
19(18). Male genitalia with apex of ventral apical projection truncate in ventral view (Fig. 151 ) .... calaveras Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 20
20(19). Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala fused, apex of basal lobe sharply pointed (Fig. 184 ) .... impletus Gordon
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 21
21(20). Male genitalia with median area of ventral ala not sclerotized, and elongate-oval area on each side of basal lobe also unsclerotized (Fig. 190 ) .... tenebricus Gordon
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 22
22(21). Male genitalia with sclerotized area of anterolateral angle of ventral ala produced, basal lobe with 2 median folds (Fig. 197 ) .... papago Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 23
23(22). Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala strongly united, basal lobe slightly shorter than ventral ala, apex rounded in lateral view (Fig. 202 ) .... weidti Casey
- Male genitalia with basal lobe shorter than ventral ala, inner portion of ventral ala membranous, extending beyond outer portion (Fig. 160 ) .... mormon Casey
24(18). Elytron strongly alutaceous, feebly shining; Pronotum pale red with a small, black, parabolic spot anterior to scutellum .... uteanus Casey
- Elytron not noticeably alutaceous, strongly shining; Pronotum variable .... 25
25(24). Elytron not black but a dark mahogany brown with sutural and lateral borders obscurely black, apex of elytron with a wide, pale border; length usually less than 2.00 mm .... gilae Casey
- Elytron black, apex of elytron with a narrow, pale border .... 26
26(25). Pronotum pale with a black, basal spot not approaching anterior margin of Pronotum .... 27
- Pronotum mostly black, black area either reaching anterior border or very narrowly separated from it .... 32
27(26). Pronotum with black area poorly defined, restricted to median, basal 1/3 of pronotum .... creperus Mulsant
- Pronotum with black area parabolic, well defined, extending more than ' the distance to apical margin .... 28
28(27). Male genitalia with apical ventral process of basal lobe long, stout, curved upward in lateral view (Fig. 143 ) .... garlandicus Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 29
29(28). Male genitalia of the brullei type, basal lobe inflated (Fig. 223 ) .... hubbardi Gordon
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 30
30(29). Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala fused (Fig. 174 ) .... cockerelli Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 31
31(29). Male genitalia without ventral ala (Fig. 129 ) .... apithanus Gordon
- Male genitalia with ventral ala (Fig. 159 ) .... horni Gorham

32(26). Pronotum black with anterolateral angle narrowly yellow; femur black except apex pale .... aridoides Gordon
- Pronotum with anterolateral angle broadly pale yellow; femur with at least apical .... 33
33(32). Male genitalia of the brullei type but with membranous lateral projection as in figure .... 34
- Male genitalia not of the brullei type, lacking membranous lateral projections .... 35
34(33). Black area of Pronotum separated from anterior margin by a narrow, yellow border; Texas (Big Bend) .... howdeni Gordon

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- Black area of pronotum reaching anterior margin; Arizona .... huachuca Gordon
35(33). Male genitalia with apical ventral process of basal lobe long, stout, curved upward in lateral view (Fig. 143 ) .... garlandicus Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 36
36(35). Male genitalia with basal lobe inflated in lateral view, a winglike lobe on each side of siphonal aperture (Fig. 220 ) .... bryanti Gordon
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 37
37(36). Male genitalia with apical ventral process of basal lobe long, broad at base, tapered to blunt apex (Fig. 154 ) .... ignarus Gordon
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 38
38(37). Male genitalia lightly sclerotized, nearly transparent .... 39
- Male genitalia normally sclerotized .... 40
39(38). Male genitalia with apical dorsal projection of basal lobe broad, truncate at apex (Fig. 162 ) .... ardelio Horn
- Male genitalia with apical dorsal projection tapered to a point (Fig. 166 ) .... aridus Casey
40(38). Male genitalia with inner border of ventral ala sclerotized (Fig. 142 a) (see humboldti Casey) .... solidus Casey
- Male genitalia with inner border of ventral ala not sclerotized (Fig. 148 ) .... barberi Gordon

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Scymnus (Pullus) OF REGION IV
Map, Fig. 92

1. Elytron with a large, median, reddish orange spot (Fig. 98 ) .... pacificus Crotch
- Elytron without a median spot .... 2
2(2). Length nearly twice the width; lateral margin of pronotum strongly discontinous with lateral margin of elytron; elytron yellowish brown with suture and scutellum usually black or dark brown (Fig. 93 ) .... coniferarum Crotch
- Length much less than twice the width; lateral pronotal margin more or less continuous with elytron; color variable .... 3
3(2). Dorsal surface distinctly alutaceous, completely pale yellowish brown .... pallens LeConte
- Dorsal surface not noticeably alutaceous, at least some dark areas present, usually almost completely black .... 4
4(3). Dorsal color pattern light brown with a dark median area extending from basal portion of pronotum posteriorly along elytral suture, narrowed at apex of elytron (Fig. 130 ), lateral border may also be dark (Fig. 130 ) .... loewii Mulsant
- Dorsal color not as described above .... 6
5(4). Apical 2/3 of elytron yellowish red, rest of elytron and pronotum except narrow lateral border black (Fig. 140 ); California (Channel Islands).... falli Gordon
- Color pattern not as described above .... 6
6(5). Dorsal color primarily pale yellowish brown with some dark marking .... 7
- Dorsal color primarily black or dark brown, sometimes with pale marking .... 8
7(6). Form elongate, margins of elytra subparallel; sutural border of elytron narrowly black, an obscure dark border on lateral margin .... mimoides Gordon
- Form round, margins of elytra not parallel; sutural border of elytron narrowly black but with no dark lateral border .... cockerelli Casey
8(6). Apical 1/4 to 1/3 of elytron red (Fig. 134 ), punctures on elytron coarse, arranged in



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curved, transverse rows, giving a slightly rugose appearance to elytron; male 1st sternum with tubercle medially .... postpictus Casey
- Apex of elytron black or narrowly pale, elytron not appearing rugose; male 1st sternum not tuberculate (except marginicollis) .... 9
9(8). Male with median tubercle on 1st sternum; elytron black except narrow apical border; legs usually all black or at least remora entirely black; Pronotum varying from almost entirely yellow to nearly all black but with at least apical border narrowly pale .... marginicollis Mannerheim
- Male 1st sternum without tubercle; legs usually pale but if black then at least apex of femur pale .... 10
10(9). Pronotum entirely red or yellow (see cervicalis Mulsant) .... carri Gordon
- Pronotum at least partly black .... 11
11(10). Pronotum mostly yellow or red with a black area medially anterior to scutellum, black area not approaching anterior margin of Pronotum .... 12
- Pronotum mostly or entirely black, black area reaching anterior margin or very narrowly separated from it .... 14
12(11). Postcoxal line reaching hind margin of 1st sternum; elytron distinctly micro reticulate (see uteanus Casey) .... nevadensis Weise
- Postcoxal line not reaching hind margin of 1st sternum; elytron not micro-reticulate or feebly so .... 13
13(12). Length less than 2.00 mm.; 1st sternum of male densely punctured medially .... erythronotum Gordon
- Length 2.00 mm or more, 1 st sternum of male with a flattened, shining, impunctate area medially (see garlandicus Casey) .... horni Gorham
14(11). Elytron dark mahogany brown with suture and lateral border black, apex of elytron with a wide, pale border, length less than 2.00 mm .... gilae Casey
- Elytron black or black with a pale apical border; length variable but usually more than 2.00 mm .... 15
15(14). Pronotum entirely black .... 16
- Pronotum with at least anterolateral angle pale .... 28
16(15). Large, robust, length usually 2.65 mm or more; dorsal pubescence yellowish brown; dorsal surface entirely black except narrow apical margin pale .... calaveras Casey
- Characters not all as described above .... 17
17(16). Male genitalia with basal lobe much shorter than ventral ala (Fig. 172 ) .... 18
- Male genitalia with basal lobe as long as ventral ala or nearly so .... 19
18(17). Male genitalia with basal lobe extremely short (Fig. 172 ); 6th sternum of male deeply, abruptly emarginate .... mendocino Casey
- Male genitalia with basal lobe not extremely short (Fig. 194 ); male 6th sternum normally emarginate .... elusivus Gordon
19(17). Basal lobe of male genitalia slender, not fused to ventral ala .... 20
- Basal lobe of male genitalia robust, fused to ventral ala .... 21
20(19). Basal lobe of male genitalia with dorsal apical projection not wider than ventral apical projection, dorsal margin of basal lobe sinuate (Fig. 157 ) .... renoicus Casey
- Basal lobe of male genitalia with dorsal apical projection wider than ventral apical projection, dorsal margin of basal lobe not sinuate (Fig. 145 ) .... jacobianus Casey
21(19). Male genitalia with a small, elongate sclerite medially at base of basal lobe, apex bluntly pointed in lateral view, basal lobe and ventral ala fused (Fig. 202 ) .... weidti Casey
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 22
22(21). Apex of basal lobe of male genitalia rounded in lateral view (Fig. 207 ) .... 23
- Apex of basal lobe of male genitalia pointed in lateral view (Fig. 184 ) .... 26

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23(22). Apex of basal lobe slender, evenly rounded in lateral view (Fig. 213 ) .... 24
- Apex of basal lobe broad, rounded dorsally, abruptly angled ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 207 ) .... hesperius Gordon
24(23). Basal lobe with median ventral carinae slightly separated, ventral ala fused in basal 3/4 (Fig. 213 ) .... tahoensis Casey
- Basal lobe with median ventral carinae joined, ventral ala fused in more than basal 3/4 (Fig. 211 ) .... 25
25(24). Apex of basal lobe as wide or wider than paramere in lateral view .... lacustris LeConte
- Apex of basal lobe narrower than paramere in lateral view .... tahoensis Casey
26(22). Apex of ventral ala angulate, produced, or with a median membranous area .... 27
- Apex of ventral ala not ungulate or produced (Fig. 184 ) .... impletus Gordon
27(26). Apex of ventral ala simple, angulate (Fig. 192 ) .... wickhami Gordon
- Apex of ventral ala divided by median membranous area, inner sclerotized area angulate (Fig. 190 ) .... tenebricus Gordon
28(15). Male first sternum with a deep, elongate-oval pit, pit often with a median carina; ventral apical projection of basal lobe of male genitalia rounded (Fig. 150 ) .... iowensis Casey
- Male first sternum without a pit, at most with a shallow depression; ventral apical projection of basal lobe of male genitalia not as described above .... 29
29(28). Male genitalia feebly sclerotized, nearly transparent .... 30
- Male genitalia distinctly sclerotized, darkened .... 31
30(29). Apex of dorsal projection of basal lobe truncate (Fig. 162 ) .... ardelio Horn
- Apex of dorsal apical projection of basal lobe pointed (Fig. 166 ) .... aridus Casey
31(29). Basal lobe of male genitalia ovate in ventral view, ventral alas and paramere curved inward (Fig. 181 ) .... nuttingi Gordon
- Male genitalia not as described above .... 32
32(31). Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala fused .... 33
- Male genitalia with basal lobe and ventral ala not fused .... 37
33(32). Basal lobe of male genitalia with apex broadly rounded in lateral view, no median sclerite at base in ventral view Basal lobe of male genitalia slender, a median, basal sclerite present in ventral view .... 36
34(33). Median, ventral carinae of basal lobe distinctly separated at least basally (Fig. 208 ) .... luctuosus Casey
- Median, ventral carinae of basal lobe united or nearly so from base to apex (Fig. 211 ) .... 35
35(34). Apex of basal lobe broad, broadly rounded in lateral view (Fig. 211 ) .... lacustris LeConte
- Apex of basal lobe narrow in lateral view (Fig. 213 ) .... tahoensis Casey
36(33). Basal lobe of male genitalia evenly tapered from base to apex (Fig. 204 ) Alberta .... aquilonarius Gordon
- Basal lobe of male genitalia narrowed before apex, apex slightly bulbous (Fig. 206 ); California .... martini Gordon
37(32). Basal lobe of male genitalia slender, tapered from base to apex (Fig. 156 ) .... utahensis Gordon
- Basal lobe of male genitalia not as described above .... 38
38(37). Male genitalia with inner margin of ventral ala sclerotized^7 basal lobe broad (Fig. 142 ) .... solidus Casey
- Male genitalia with inner margin of ventral ala not sclerotized, basal lobe slender (Fig. 146 ) .... humboldti Casey
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Scymnus (Pullus) caffer Gordon
Fig. 96 a-d

Scymnus (Pullus) canter Gordon 1976b, p. 65.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 65.

Scymnus (Pullus) coniferarum Crotch
Fig. 93 a-f; Map, Fig. 95

Scymnus coniferarum Crotch, 1874a, p. 77.—Horn, 1895, p. 105.
Scymnus (Pullus) coniferarum: Casey, 1899, p. 152.—Leng, 1920, p. 214—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 157.—Hatch, 1961, p. 151.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 66.—Belicek, 1976, p. 305.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 66, and Gordon (1982).

Scymnus (Pullus) suturalis Thunberg
Fig. 94 a-e; Map, Fig. 95

Scymnus suturalis Thunberg, 1795, p. 106.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 138.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 66.—Gordon, 1982, p. 250 (see Korschefsky, 1931, for complete synonymy.

Diagnosis.
Description as for S. (P.) coniferarum:
Body slightly broader, less elongate in appearance;
punctures on elytron coarse, dense, separated by the diameter of a puncture or less;
basal lobe of male genitalia broad in ventral view, abruptly narrowed in apical 1/4, apex in lateral view distinctly bent downward;
apex of sipho S-shaped (figs. 94a-c);
female genitalia with infundibulum slender, rodlike (fig. 94e).

Discussion.
Gordon (1976b) included this species as S. (P.) coniferarum which is primarily a California species.
Subsequent investigation revealed that the Pennsylvania and New York specimens were actually S. (P.) suturalis (Gordon, 1982).
It was introduced into Michigan from Germany in 1961, and has recently been collected there,
but whether this population is a result of the introduction or an accidental establishment is not apparent (Hoebeke, in press).

Type locality.
"Suecica".

Type depository.
Type not examined.

Distribution.
Figure 95 . CONNECTICUT: Middlesex Co., Clinton. MICHIGAN: Saginaw Co., Saginaw. NEW YORK. PENNSYLVANIA: (see Gordon, 1982, for specific localities).

Scymnus (Pullus) impexus Mulsant
Fig. 97 a-d

Scymnus (Pullus) impexus Mulsant, 1850, p. 979.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 127.— Delucchi, 1954, pp. 243-278.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 70.
Scymnus(Pullus)abietis Mulsant, 1846,p.247 (not Paykull, 1798).—Mulsant, 1850, p. 979.

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##Fig. 93 . Scymnus (P.) coniferarum. a. b. c. d. e. f.
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##Fig. 94 , Scymnus (P.) suturalis, a. b. c. d. e.
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##Fig. 95 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) coniferarum (shaded, peripheral localities dotted); S. (P.) suturalis (star), S. P. cager (triangle).
#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 70. Establishment of this species has been effected in the Willamette Valley of Oregon following releases made in 1960 and 1962.

Scymnus (Pullus) pacificus Crotch
Fig. 98 a-e; Map, Fig. 99

Scymnus pacificus Crotch, 1874a, p. 77.—Horn, 1895, p. 100.
Scymnus (Pullus) pacificus: Casey, 1899, p. 152.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 164.—Hatch, 1961, p. 151.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 72.
Scymnus strabus Horn, 1895, p. 100.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 72.
Scymnus (Pullus) strabus: Casey, 1899, p. 152.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 72.
Additional locality record: ARIZONA: Yavapai Co., 15 mi. S. Prescott.

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##Fig. 96 . Scymnus (P.) caffer. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus)flavescens Casey
Fig. 100 a-d; Map, Fig. 101

Scymnus (Pullus)flavescens Casey, 1899, p. 139.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 158.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 75.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 75.
Additional locality records: ARIZONA: Apache Co., Chuska. UTAH: Wayne Co., Henry Mts.

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##Fig. 97 . Scymnus (P.) impexus. a. b. c. d.
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##Fig. 98 . Scymnus (P.) pacificus. a. b. c. d. e.
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##Fig. 99 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) pacificus.
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##Fig 100 . Scymnus(P.) flavescens. a. b. c. d.
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##Fig. 101 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.)flavescens (dot), S. (P.) nigricollis (Star).
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##Fig. 102 . Scymnus (P.) nigricollis. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) nigricollis Gordon
Fig. 102 a-d; Map, Fig. 101

Scymnus (Pullus) nigricollis Gordon, 1976b, p. 78.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 78.

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##Fig. 103 , Scymnus (P.) kansanus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) kansanus Casey
Fig. 103 a-d; Map, Fig. 104

Scymnus (Pullus) kansanus Casey, 1899, p. 142.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Wingo, 1952, pp. 28.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 78.
For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 78.
Additional locality record: NEW JERSEY: Fort Lee.

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##Fig. 104 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) kansanus.
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##Fig. 105 . Scymnus (P.) pauculus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) pauculus Gordon
Fig. 105 a-d; Map, Fig. 106

Scymnus (Pullus) pauculus Gordon, 1976b, p. 81.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 81.
Additonal locality record. ARIZONA: Oracle.
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##Fig. 106 . Distribution, Scymnus (P.) pauculus (star); S. (P.) pallens (dot).
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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 107 . Scymnus (P.) pollens. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) pallens LeConte
Fig. 107 a-d; Map, Fig. 106

Scymnus pallens LeConte, 1852, p. 137.—Crotch, 1847b, p. 263.—Horn, 1895, p. 99.
Scymnus (Pullus) pallens: Casey, 1899, p. 140.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 164.—Hatch, 1961, p. 149.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 84.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 84.
Additional locality record: TEXAS: Patricio Co., Martin, 12 mi. S.

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##Fig. 108 . Scymnus (P.) semiruber. a. b. c. d. e.
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Scymnus (Pullus) semiruber Horn
Fig. 108 a-e; Map, Fig. 109

Scymnussemiruber Horn, 1895,p. 102.
Scymnus (Pullus) semiruber: Casey, 1899, p. 140.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Wilson, 1927, p. 169.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 86.
Scymnus puritanus Casey, 1924, p. 174.—Leng, 1927, p. 33.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 86.

For detailed description and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 86.

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##Fig. 109 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) semiruber.
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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 110 . Scymnus (P.) gilae. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) gilae Casey
Fig. 110 a-d; Map, Fig. 111

Scymnus (Pullus) gilae Casey, 1899, p. 147.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 89.
Scymnus (Pullus) infans Casey, 1899, p. 149.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 89.
Scymnus apiciventris Casey, 1924, p. 175.—Leng and Mutchler, 1927, p. 33.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 154.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 91.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p 89.

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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 111 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) gilae.
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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 112 . Scymnus (P.) mimoides. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) mimoides Gordon
Fig. 112 a-d; Map, Fig. 113

Scymnus (Pullus) mimoides Gordon, 1976b, p. 93.

For detailed description and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 93.

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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 113 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) mimoides.
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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 114 . Scymnus (P.) cervicalis. a. b. c. d.
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#______________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 115 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) cervicalis (disjunct localities dotted).
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Scymnus (Pullus) cervicalis Mulsant
Fig. 114 a-d; Map, Fig. 115

Scymnus (Pullus) cervicalis Mulsant, 1850, p. 984.—Casey, 1899, p. 142.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.—Wingo, 1952, p. 29.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 28.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 95.
Scymnus cervicalis: LeConte, 1852, p. 139.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 266.—Horn, 1895, p. 103.—Wilson, 1927, p. 169.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 95.

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#___________________________________________________
##Fig. 116 . Scymnus (P.) rubricaudus. a. b. c. d. e.
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Scymnus (Pullus) rubricaudus Casey
Fig. 116 a-e; Map, Fig. 117

Scymnus (Pullus) rubricauda Casey, 1899, p. 141.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.
Scymnus (Pullus) texanus Casey, 1899, p. 141.—Leng, 1920, p. 213 (synonym of creperus Mulsant).—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 157.—Wingo, 1952, p. 32.
Scymnus (Pullus) chromopyga Casey, 1899, p. 141.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Wingo, 1952, p. 32.

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#___________________________________________________
##Fig. 117. Distribution. Scymnus (P.) rubricaudus (peripheral and disjunct localities dotted).
#___________________________________________________


Scymnus (Pullus) canterius Casey, 1899, p. 142. - Leng, 1920, p.213. - Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156. - Gordon, 1976b, p. 100.
Scymnus (Pullus) rubricaudus: Wingo, 1952, p. 32. — J. Chapin, 1974, p. 25. — Gordon, 1976b, p. 98.
Scymnus (Pullus) chromopygus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.

For detailed synonymy, description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 98.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 118 . Scymnus (P.) enochrus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) enochrus Gordon.
Fig. 118 a-d; Map, Fig. 119

Scymnus (Pullus) enochrus Gordon, 1976b, p. 102.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 102.

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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 119 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) enochrus.
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#___________________________________________________
##Fig. 120 . Scymnus (P.) festatus. a. b. c. d. e. f.
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#________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 121 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) festatus (dot); pulvinatus (star).
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Scymnus (Pullus) Gestates Wingo
Fig. 120 a-f; Map, Fig. 121

Scymnus (Pullus) festatus Wingo, 1952, p. 31.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 103.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 103.

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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 122 . Scymnus (P.) pulvinatus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) pulvinatus Wingo
Fig. 122 a-d; Map, Fig. 121

Scymnus (Pullus) pulvinatus Wingo, 1952, p. 34.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 106.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 106.

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#________________________________________________
##Fig. 123 . Scymnus (P.) nemorivagus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) nemorivagus Wingo
Fig. 123 a-d; Map, Fig. 124

Scymnus (Pullus) nemorivagus Wingo, 1952, p. 35.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 109.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 109.

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#__________________________________________________
##Fig. 124 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) nemorivagus.
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Scymnus (Pullus) fraternus LeConte
Fig. 125 a-f; Map, Fig. 126

Scymnus fraternus LeConte, 1852, p. 138.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 264.—Horn, 1895, p. 101.—Stehr, 1930, p. 49.—Wingo, 1952, p. 31.—Chapin, 1973, p. 1072.
Scymnus haemorrhous LeConte, 1852, p. 138.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 264.—Horn, 1895, p. 101.
Scymnus (Pullus) creperus var. fraternus: Casey, 1899, p. 140.—Leng, 1920, p. 213
Scymnus (Pullus) haemorrhous: Casey, 1899, p. 140.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Wilson, 1927, p. 170.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.
Scymnus dentipes Fall, 1901, p. 234.—Fall, 1904, p. 176.

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#____________________________________________________
##Fig. 125 . Scymnus (P.) fraternus. a. b. c. d. e. f.
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#____________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 126 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) fraternus (peripheral and disjunct localities dotted).
#____________________________________________________________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) fraternus: Wingo, 1952, p. 31.—J Chapin, 1973, p. 1071.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 24.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 109.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 109.

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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 127 . Scymnus (P.) louisianae. a. b. c. d.
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#_________________________________________________
##Fig. 128 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) louisianae.
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Scymnus (Pullus) louisianae J. Chapin
Fig. 127 a-d; Map, Fig. 128

Scymnus (Pullus) louisianae J. Chapin, 1973, p. 1071.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 24.— Gordon,1976b,p.115.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1 976b, p. 1 15.

Additional locality record: TEXAS: Hidalgo Co., MacAllen.

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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 129 . Scymnus (P.) apithanus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) apithanus Gordon
Fig. 129 a-d; Map, Fig. 132

Scymnus(Pullus)apithanus Gordon, 1976b, p. 118.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 118.

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#_______________________________________________________
##Fig. 130 . Scymnus (P.) loewii. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
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Scymnus (Pullus) loewii Mulsant
Fig. 130 a-h; Map, Fig. 131

Scymnus (Pullus) loewii Mulsant, 1850, p. 908.—Gorham, 1897, p. 227.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 161.—Leng and Mutchler, 1933, p. 87.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 27.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 119.
Scymnus loewii: Crotch, 1874b, p. 271.

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#_____________________________________________________________________________
##Fig.. 131 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) loewii (peripheral localities dotted).
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#__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 132 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) apithanus (star); S. (P.) marginicollis (shaded, peripheral and disjunct localities dotted).
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#_____________________________________________________
##Fig. 133 . Scymnus (P.) marginicollis. a. b. c. d. e.
#_____________________________________________________

Scymnus cinctusLeConte, 1852,p. 137.-Crotch, 1874b,p.263.—Horn, 1895,p.99. Scymnus (Pullus) cinctus: Gorham, 1897, p. 227.—Casey, 1899, p. 152.—Wilson, 1927, p. 169.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.—Wingo, 1952, p. 30.
Scymnus suturalis LeConte, 1852,p. 138(not Thunberg, 1795).—Crotch, 1874b,p. 264.
Scymnus lecontei Crotch, 1874b, p. 264.—Horn, 1895, p. 99.
Scymnus(Pullus)lecontei: Gorham, 1897,p.227.—Casey, 1899,p.152.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 161.

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#__________________________________________________
##Fig. 134 . Scymnus (P.) postpictus. a. b. c. d. e.
#__________________________________________________

Scymnus flebilis Horn, 1895, p. 100.
Scymnus (Pullus)flebilis: Casey, 1899, p. 160.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 158.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 120.
Scymnus (Pullus) sarpedon Casey, 1899, p. 152.—Leng, 1920, p.213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 120.
Scymnus (Pullus) nubes Casey, 1899, p. 151.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 163.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 120.
Scymnus scotti Nunenmacher, 1934, p. 17.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 120.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 119 Additional locality record: TEXAS: Garza Co.; 2 mi. N. Justiceburg.

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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 135 . Distbution. Scymnus (P.) postpictus.
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Scymnus (Pullus) marginicollis Mannerheim
Fig. 133 a-e; Map, Fig. 132

Scymnus marginicollis Mannerheim, 1843, p. 313.—Mulsant, 1850, p. 1053.— LeConte, 1852, p. 140.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 267.—Horn, 1895, p. 104.
Scymnus (Pullus) marginicollis: Casey, 1899, p. 142.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 161.—Wingo, 1952, p. 34.—Hatch, 1961, p. 150.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 125.—Belicek, 1976, p. 304.
Scymnus californicus Boheman, 1859, p. 207.
Scymnus (Pullus) californicus: Casey, 1899, p. 142—Leng, 1920, p. 213.

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#________________________________________
##Fig. 136 . Scymnus(P.)socer. a. b. c. d.
#________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) desertorum Casey, 1899, p. 145.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 157.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 125.
Scymnus (Pullus) marginicollis borealis Hatch, 1961, p. 150.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 125.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 125.

Scymnus (Pullus) postpictus Casey
Fig. 134 a-e; Map, Fig. 135

Scymnus (Pullus) postpinctus Casey, 1899, p. 141 (lapsus).—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 164.
Scymnus (Pullus) postpictus Casey, 1908, p. 405 (emendation).—Leng, 1920, p. 213. Gordon, 1976b, p. 130.—Belicek, 1976, p. 304.

For detailed synonymy, description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 130.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 137 . Distribution. Scymuzus (P.) socer.
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Scymnus (Pullus) socer LeConte
Fig. 136 a-d; Map, Fig. 137

Scymnus socer LeConte, 1852, p. 139.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 267.—Horn, 1895, p.103.
Scymnus (Pullus) socer: Casey, 1899, p. 144.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 29.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 133.
Scymnus (Pullus) kinzeli Casey, 1899, p. 143.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160 (kinzelii).—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 30.
Scymnus (Pullus) innocens Casey, 1899, p. 145.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 133.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 133.


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#__________________________________________________
##Fig. 138 . Scymnus (P.) tenebrosus. a. b. c. d. e.
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#_________________________________________________
##Fig. 139 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) tenebrosus.
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Scymnus (Pullus) tenebrosus Mulsant
Fig. 138 a-e; Map, Fig 139

Scymnus (Pullus) tenebrosus Mulsant, 1850, p. 989.—Casey, 1899, p. 148.—Leng, 1920, p.213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p.166.—Wingo, 1952, p.40.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 30.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 137.
Scymnus tenebrosus: LeConte, 1852, p. 140.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 268.—Horn, 1895, - p. 106.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 137.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 140 . Scymnus (P.) falli. a. b. c. d. e.
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#__________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 141 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) falli (star); S. P. solidus (peripheral localities dotted).
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Scymnus (Pullus) Salli Gordon
Fig. 140 a-e; Map, Fig. 141

Scymnus (Pullus) falli Gordon, 1976b, p. 140.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 140.

Additional locality record: CALIFORNIA: Ventura Co., Santa Barbara Island.

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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 142 . Scymnus (P.) solidus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) solidus Casey
Fig. 142 a-d; Map, Fig. 141

Scymnus (Pullus) solidus Casey, 1899, p. 145.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 143.
Scymnus (Pullus) blaisdelli Casey, 1899, p. I 47.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 155.—Hatch, 1961, p. 150.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 143.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 143.

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#_______________________________________________
##Fig 143 . Scymnus (P.) garlandicus. a. b. c. d.
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#___________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 144 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) garlandicus (star); S. (P.) jacobianus (dot).
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Scymnus (Pullus) garlandicus Casey
Fig. 143 a-d; Map, Fig. 144

Scymnus (Pullus) garlandicus Casey, 1899, p. 147.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 145.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 145.

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#______________________________________________
##Fig.145 . Scymnus (P.) jacobianus. a. b. c. d.
#______________________________________________


Scymnus (Pullus) jacobianus Casey
Fig. 145 a-d; Map, Fig. 144

Scymnus (Pullus) jacobianus Casey, 1899, p. 148.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 148.
Scymnus (Pullus) jacinto Casey, 1899, p. 148.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 148.
Scymnus (Pullus) extricatus Casey, 1899, p. l 48.—Leng, 1920, p.213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 158.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 148.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 148.

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##Fig. 146 Scymnus (P.) humboldti. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) humboldti Casey
Fig. 146 a-d; Map, Fig. 147

Scymnus (Pullus) humboldti Casey, 1899, p. 146.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 150.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 150.

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#___________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 147 . Distribution, Scymnus (P.) humboldti (disjunct locality dotted).
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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 148 . Scymnus (P.) barberi. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) barberi Gordon
Fig. 148 a-d; Map, Fig. 149

Scymnus (Pullus) barberi Gordon, 1 976b, p. 153.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 153

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#_____________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 149 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) barberi (star), S. (P.) iowensis (dot).
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Scymnus (Pullus) iowensis Casey
Fig. 15 Oa-d; Map, Fig. 149

Scymnus (Pullus) iowensis Casey, 1899, p. 143.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Wingo, 1952, p. 41.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 156.
Scymnus collaris Melsheimer, 1847, p. 180 (not Herbst, 1797).—LeConte, 1852, p. 141.—Mulsant, 1856, p. 152.—Horn, 1895, p. 103.—Blatchley, 1910, p. 529.— Weise, 1929, p. 33.
Scymnus (Pullus) collaris: Casey, 1899, p. 143.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 162.
Scymnus melsheimeri Weise, 1929, p. 33 (replacement name).

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 156.

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#________________________________________________
##Fig. 150 . Scymnus (P.) iowensis. a. b. c. d. e.
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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 151 . Scymnus(P.) calaveras. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) calaveras Casey
Fig. 51 a-d; Map, Fig. 152

Scymnus(Pullus) calaveras Casey, 1899, p. 150.—Bowditch, 1902,p.207.—Casey, 1910, p. 110.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 155.—Malkin, 1943b, p. 193.—Hatch, 1961, p. 151.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 159.—Belicek, 1976, p. 306.
Scymnus(Pullus)saginatus Casey, 1899, p. 150.—Leng,1920,p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 159.

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#___________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 152 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) calaveras (disjunct locality dotted).
#___________________________________________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) strenuus Casey, 1899, p. 150.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.—Malkin, 1943b, p. 194.—Hatch, 1961, p. 151.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 159.
Scymnus (Pullus) stygicus Casey, 1899, p. 151.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 159.
Scymnus (Pullus) tenuivestis Casey, 1899, p. 151.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 159.
Scymnus (Pullus) calaveras ab. tenuivestis: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.
For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 159.

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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 153 . Scymnus (P.) majus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) majus, new name
Fig. 153 a-d

Scymnus (Pullus) majusculus Wingo, 1952, p. 40.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 163 (not Scymnus (Pullus) majusculus Mader, 1950).

Diagnosis.
Description and distribution.—See Gordon ( 1 976b). It has been pointed out to me by Herbert Dozier that the name majusculus Wingo, 1952,
is a homonym of majusculus Mader, 1950. I therefore propose the name majus, a Latin adjective referring to the large size, for this species.

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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 154 . Scymnus (P.) ignarus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) ignarus Gordon
Fig. 154 a-d; Map, Fig. 155

Scymnus (Pullus) ignarus Gordon, 1976b, p. 163.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 163.

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##Fig. 155 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) ignarus (star); S. (P.) monticola (rectangle); S. (P.) utahensis (dot).
#_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) monticola Casey
Fig. 155

Scymnus (Pullus) monticola Casey, 1899, p. 146.—Leng, 1920, p. 21 3.—Korschefsky, 1931, p 162.—Gordon, 1 976b, p. 165.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 165.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig 156 . Scymnus (P.) utahensis. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) utahensis Gordon
Fig. 156 a-d; Map, Fig. 155

Scymnus (Pullus) utahensis Gordon, 1976b, p. 165.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 165. Additional locality records: OREGON: Harney Co.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 157 . Scymnus (P.) renoicus. a. b. c. d.
#_____________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) renoicus Casey
Fig. 157 a-d; Map, Fig. 158

Scymnus (Pullus) rejoices Casey, 1899, p. 149.—Bowditch, 1902, p. 207.—Leng, 1920,p.213.—Korschefsky,1931,p.161.—Hatch,1961,p.151.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 169.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 169.
Additional locality records: IDAHO: Rupert. UTAH: Millard Co., Hawbush Dunes, SE Delta.

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#___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig 158 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) renoicus (star), S. (P.) horni (shaded, peripheral localities dotted).
#___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) horni Gorham
Fig. 159 a-d; Map, Fig. 158

Scymnus (Pullus) horni Gorham, 1897, p. 229.—Casey, 1899, p. 144.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 172.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 172.
Additional locality records: TEXAS: Brewster Co., Marathon; Culberson Co., SE Van Horn; Garza Co. 2 mi. N. Justiceburg; Hudspeth Co. 10 mi. S. Cornudas.

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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 159 . Scymnus (P.) horni. a. b. c. d.
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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 160 Scymnus (P.) mormon. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) mormon Casey
Fig. 160 a-d; Map, Fig. 161

Scymnus (Pullus) mormon Casey, 1899, p. 150.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Casey, 1924, p. 176.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 162.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 175.
Scymnus (Pullus) subsimilis Casey, 1899, p. 150.—Casey, 1910, p. 109.—Casey, 1924, p. 176.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 175.

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##Fig. 161 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) mormon.
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#____________________________________________
Fig. 162 . Scymnus (P.) ardelio. a. b. c. d.
#____________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) ardelio Horn
Fig. 162 a-d; Map, Fig. 163

Scymnus ardelio Horn, 1895, p. 105.
Scymnus (Pullus) ardelio: Casey, 1899, p. 148.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 154.—Hatch, 1961, p. 50.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 177.—Belicek, 1976, p. 305.
Scymnus (Pullus) apacheanus Casey, 1899, p. 146.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 154.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 177.
Scymnus (Pullus) decipiens Casey, 1899, p. 147 (not Weise, 1885).—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Weise, 1929, p. 33.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 177.
Scymnus sanctus Weise, 1929, p. 33 (new name for decipiens Casey).—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 177.
Additional locality records: IDAHO: Tuttle. NEW MEXICO: Lea Co., 8 mi. E. Lovington. TEXAS: Culberson Co., 13 mi. W. Van Horn; Pecos Co., 6 mi. N. Pyote.

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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 163 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) ardelio.
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##Fig. 164 . Scymnus (P.) erythronotum. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) erythronotum Gordon
Fig. 164 a-d; Map, Fig. 165

Scymnus (Pullus) erythronotum Gordon, 1976b, p. 181.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 181.

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#__________________________________________________
##Fig 165 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) erythronotum.
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#___________________________________________
##Fig. 166 . Scymnus (P.) Aridus. a. b. c. d.
#___________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) aridus Casey
Fig. 166 a-d; Map, Fig. 167

Scymnus(Pullus)aridus Casey, 1899,p. 146.—Casey, 1924,p. 176.—Leng, 1920,p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 154.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 184.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 184.
Additional locality records: UTAH: San Juan Co., 26 mi. S. Hanksville.

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##Fig. 167 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) andus.
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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 168 . Scymnus (P.) aridoides. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) aridoides Gordon
Fig. 168 a-d, Map, Fig. 169

Scymnus (Pullus) aridoides Gordon, 1976b, p. 187.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 187.

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##Fig. 169 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) aridoides.
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##Fig. 170 . Scymnus (P.) consobrinus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) consobrinus LeConte
Fig. 170 a-d; Map, Fig. 171

Scymnus consobrinus LeConte, 1852,p. 139.—Horn, 1895,p. 103.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 266.
Scymnus (Pullus) consobrinus: Mulsant, 1853, p. 153.—Casey, 1899, p. 142.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 157.—Wingo, 1952, p. 42.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 190.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 190.

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##Fig. 171 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) consobrinus.
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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 172 . Scymnus (P.) mendocino. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) mendocino Casey
Fig. 172 a-d; Map, Fig. 173

Scymnus (Pullus) mendocino Casey, 1899, p. 151.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 162.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 193.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 193.

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##Fig. 173 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) mendocino.
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#_______________________________________________
##Fig. 174 , Scymnus (P.) cockerelli. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) cockerelli Casey
Fig. 174 a-d; Map, Fig. 175

Scymnus(Pullus)cockerelliCasey, 1 899, p. 144.—Leng, 1 920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 196.
Scymnus mimes Fall, 1901, p. 234.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 196.
Scymnus (Pullus) mimes: Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 162.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 196.
Additional locality record: UTAH: Leeds.

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##Fig. 175 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) cockerellf (dot); S. (P.) carri (star).
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#__________________________________________
##Fig. 176 . Scymnus (P.) carry. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) carri Gordon
Fig. 176 a-d; Map, Fig. 175

Scymnus (Pullus) carri Gordon, 1976b, p. 199.—Belicek, 1976, p. 304.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 199.


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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 177 . Scymnus (P.) negator. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) nugator Casey
Fig. 177 a-d; Map, Fig. 178

Scymnus(Pullus)nugator Casey, 1 899, p. 140.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.— 1931, p. 163.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 199.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 199.


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##Fig. 178 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) nugator.
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#_______________________________________________
##Fig 179 . Scymnus(P.) neomexicanus. a. b. c. d.
#_______________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) neomexicanus Gordon
Fig. 179 a-d; Map, Fig. 180

Scymnus (Pullus) neomexicanus Gordon, 1976b, p. 203.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 203.

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##Fig 180 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) neomexicanus (star), S. P. nuttingi (dot).
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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 181 . Scymnus (P.) nuttingi. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) nuttingi Gordon
Fig. 181 a-d; Map, Fig. 180

Scymnus (Pullus) nuttingi Gordon, 1976b, p. 204.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 204.

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#___________________________________________
##Fig. 182 . Scymnus (P.) compar. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) compar Casey
Fig. 182 a-d; Map, Fig. 183

Scymnus (Pullus) compar Casey, 1899, p. 148.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 33.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 206.
Scymnus (Pullus) vicksburgicus Casey, 1924, p. 175.—Leng and Mutchler, 1927, p. 33.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 167.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 206. Scymnus(Pullus) impunctusWingo, 1952, p. 35.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 33.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 207.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 206.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 183 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) compar.
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##Fig. 184 . Scymnus (P.) impletus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) impletus Gordon
Fig. 184 a-d; Map, Fig. 185

Scymnus (Pullus) impletus Gordon, 1976b, p. 209.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 209.

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#____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 185 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) impletus (shaded, peripheral localities dotted), S. (P.) simulans (star), S. (P.) wingoi (rectangle).
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#________________________________________
##Fig. 186 , Scymnus (P.) simulans. a. b.
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Scymnus (Pullus) simulans Gordon
Fig. 186 a, b; Map, Fig. 185

Scymnus (Pullus) simulans Gordon, 1976b, p. 214.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 214.

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##Fig. 187 . Scymnus (P.) wingoi. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) wingoi Gordon
Fig. 187 a-d; Map, Fig. 185

Scymnus (Pullus) wingoi Gordon, 1976b, p. 215.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 215.

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##Fig. 188 . Scymnus (P.) abbreviatus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) abbreviatus LeConte
Fig. 188 a-d; Map, Fig. 189

Scymnus abbreviatus LeConte, 1852, p. 140.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 268.—Horn, 1895, p. 104.

Scymnus (Pullus) abbreviatus: Casey, 1899, p. 153.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 193 1, p. 153.—Gordon, 1 976b, p. 216.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 216.

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#_________________________________________________
##Fig. 189 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) abbreviatus.
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##Fig. 190 . Scymnus (P.) tenebricus. a. b. c. d.
#_______________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) tenebricus Gordon
Fig. l90a-d; Map, Fig. 191

Scymnus (Pullus) tenebricus Gordon, 1976b, p. 220.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 220.


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#_________________________________________________
##Fig. 191 . Distribution, Scymnus (P.) tenebricus.
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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 192 . Scymnus (P.) wickhami. a. b. c. d.
#_____________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) wickhami Gordon
Fig. 192 a-d; Map, Fig. 193

Scymnus (Pullus) wickhami Gordon, 1976b, p. 223.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 223.

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##Fig. 193 . Distribution, Scymnus (P.) wickhami (dot); S. (P.) elusivus (star).
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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 194 . Scymnus (P.) elusivus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) elusivus Gordon
Fig. 194 a-d; Map, Fig. 193

Scymnus (Pullus) elusivus Gordon, 1976b, p. 226.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 226.
Additional locality record: CALIFORNIA: San Diego Co., Julian.

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##Fig. 195 . Scymnus (P.) uteanus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) uteanus Casey
Fig. 195 a-d; Map, Fig. 196

Scymnus (Pullus) uteanus Casey, 1899, p. 144.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 167.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 226.

Scymnus (Pullus) rhesus Casey, 1899, p. 144.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 228.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 226.

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##Fig. 196 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) uteanus (dot); S. (P.) papago (star).
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#_____________________________________
##Fig. 197 . Scymnus (P.) papago. a. b.
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Scymnus (Pullus) papago Casey
Fig. 197 a, b; Map,, Fig. 196

Scymnus (Pullus) papago Casey, 1899, p. 151.—Leng, l 92O7 p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 164.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 230.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 230.

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##Fig. 198 . Scymnus (P.) Incus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) uncus Wingo
Fig. 198 a-d; Map, Fig. 199

Scymnus (Pullus) uncus Wingo, 1952, p. 38.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 32.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 232.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 232.

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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 199 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) uncus.
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#_________________________________________________
##Fig. 200 . Scymnus (P.) puncticollis. a. b. c. d.
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#___________________________________________________
##Fig. 201 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) puncticollis.
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Scymnus (Pullus) puncticollis LeConte
Fig. 200 a-d; Map, Fig. 201

Scymnus puncticollis LeConte, 1852, p. 139.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 266.—Hom, 1895, p. 102.

Scymnus (Pullus) puncticollis: Casey, 1899, p. 160.—Leng, 1920, p. 133.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.—Wingo, 1952, p. 37.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 31.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 232.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 232.

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#__________________________________________
##Fig 202 . Scymnus (P.) weidti. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) weidti Casey
Fig. 202 a-d; Map, Fig. 203

Scymnus (Pullus) weidti Casey, 1899, p. 149.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Casey, 1924, p.

176.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 167.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 237.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 237.

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##Fig 203 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) weidti (dot); S. (P.) aquilonarius (star).
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##Fig. 204 Scymnus (P.) aquilonarius. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) aquilonarius Gordon
Fig. 204 a-d; Map, Fig. 203

Scymnus (Pullus) aquilonarius Gordon, 1976b, p. 240.—Belicek, 1976, p 305.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 240.

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##Fig. 205 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) martini (star); S. (P.) hesperius (dot).
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##Fig. 206 . Scymnus (P.) martini. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) martini Gordon
Fig. 206 a-d; Map, Fig. 205

Scymnus (Pullus) martini Gordon, 1976b, p. 240.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 240.

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##Fig. 207 . Scymnus (P.) hesperius. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) hesperius Gordon
Fig. 207 a-d; Map, Fig 205

Scymnus (Pullus) hesperius Gordon, 1976b, p. 243.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 243.
Additional locality record: CALIFORNIA: Eldorado Co., Pollock Pines.


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##Fig. 208 . Scymnus (P.) luctuosus. a. b. c. d.
#______________________________________________


Scymnus (Pullus) luctuosus Casey
Fig. 208 a-d; Map, Fig. 209

Scymnus (Pullus) luctuosus Casey, 1899, p.146.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 161.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 245.

Scymnus (Pullus) sonomae Casey, 1899, p. l 47.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 245.

Scymnus (Pullus) advena Casey, 1899, p. 147.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.— Korschefsky, 1931, p. 153.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 245.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 245.

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##Fig 209 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) luctuosus (dot); S. (P.) nevadensis (star).
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##Fig. 210 . Scymnus (P.) nevadensis. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) nevadensis Weise
Fig. 210 a-d; Map, Fig. 209

Scymnus nevadensis Weise, 1929, p. 33.—Leng and Mutchler, 1933, p. 35.
Scymnus(Scymnus) nevadensis: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 163.—Gordon, 1976b, p.248.
Scymnus (Scymnus) innocuus Casey, 1899, p. 154 (not Boheman, 1859).—Leng, 1920, p. 214.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 248.

Scymnus (Pullus) lacustris LeConte
Fig. 211 a-d; Map, Fig. 212

Scymnus lacustris LeConte, 1850, p. 239.—LeConte, 1852, p. 140.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 268.—Horn, 1895, p. 105.

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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 211 . Scymnus (P.) lacustris. a. b. c. d.
#______________________________________________


Scymnus (Pullus) lacustris: Mulsant, 1850, p. 989.—Mulsant, 1853, p. 153.—Casey, 1899, p. 149.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Hatch, 1961, p. 151.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 250.—Belicek, 1976, p. 305.
Scymnus (Pullus) cultratus Wingo, 1952, p. 38.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 250.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 250.

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##Fig. 212 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) lacustris.
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Scymnus (Pullus) tahoensis Casey
Fig. 213 a-h; Map, Fig. 214

Scymnus (Pullus) tahoensis Casey, 1899, p. 150.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 253.—Belicek, 1976, p. 305.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 253.

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#__________________________________________________________
##Fig. 213 . Scymnus (P.) tahoensis. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
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#________________________________________________
##Fig. 214 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) tahoensis.
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Scymnus (Pullus) caudalis LeConte
Fig. 215 a-d; Map, Fig. 216

Scymnus caudalis LeConte, 1850, p. 238.—LeConte, 1852, p. 139.—Horn, 1895, p. 103.
Scymnus (Pullus) caudalis LeConte: Casey, 1899, p. 143.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.— Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 256.
Scymnus (Pullus) natchezianus Casey, 1899, p. 143.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 163.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 256.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 215 . Scymnus (P.) caudalis. a. b. c. d.
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#__________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 216 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) caudalis (dot); S. (P.) peninsularis (star).
#__________________________________________________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) indutus Casey, 1899, p. 145.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 256.
Scymnus (Pullus) agricola Casey, 1899, p. 145.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 153.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 256.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 256.

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#_________________________________________________
##Fig. 217 . Scymnus (P.) peninsularis. a. b. c. d.
#_________________________________________________


Scymnus (Pullus) peninsularis Gordon
Fig. 217 a-d; Map, Fig. 216

Scymnus (Pullus) peninsularis Gordon, 1976b, p. 259.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 259.


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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 218 . Scymnus (P.) creperus. a. b. c. d.
#_____________________________________________


Scymnus (Pullus) creperus Mulsant
Fig. 218 a-d; Map, Fig. 219

Scymnus (Pullus) creperus Mulsant, 1850, p. 985.—Mulsant, 1853, p. 153.—Casey, 1899,p. 140.—Leng, 1920,p.213.—Korschefsky, 1931,p. 157.—J.Chapin, 1974, p. 28.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 260.
Scymnus creperus: LeConte, 1852, p. 139.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 265.—Horn, 1895, p. 101.

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#_____________________________________________________________________________
##Fig.219 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) creperus (peripheral localities dotted).
#_____________________________________________________________________________

Scymnus (Pullus) medionotans Casey, 1899, p. 143.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 162.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 29.
Scymnus (Pullus) subtropicus Casey, 1899, p. 143.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 162.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 29.
Scymnus (Pullus) hortensis Wingo, 1952, p. 36.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 29.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 260.
Additional locality records: TEXAS: Garza Co., 2 ml. N. Justiceburg.
VIRGINIA: Virginia Beach.

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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 220 . Scymnus (P.) bryanti. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) bryanti Gordon
Fig. 220 a-d; Map, Fig. 221

Scymnus (Pullus) bryanti Gordon, 1976b, p. 263.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 263.

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#___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 221 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) bryanti (dot); S. (P.) howdeni (star); S. (P.) hubbardi (rectangle); S. (P.) huachucha (open circle).
#___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 222 . Scymnus (P.) howdeni. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) howdeni Gordon
Fig. 222 a-d; Map, Fig. 221

Scymnus (Pullus) howdeni Gordon, 1976b, p. 265.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 265.

Scymnus (Pullus) hubbardi Gordon
Fig. 223 a-d; Map, Fig. 221

Scymnus (Pullus) hubbardi Gordon, 1976b, p. 268.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 268.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 223 . Scymnus (P.) hubbardi. a. b. c. d.
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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 224 . Scymnus (P.) huachucha. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) huachuca Gordon
Fig. 224 a-d; Map, Fig. 221

Scymnus (Pullus) huachuca Gordon, 1976b, p. 269.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 269.

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#____________________________________________
##Fig. 225 . Scymnus (P.) brullei. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) brullei Mulsant
Fig. 225 a-h; Map, Fig. 226

Scymnus (Pullus) brullei Mulsant, 1850, p. 984.—Casey, 1899, p. 160.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 155.—Wingo, 1952, p 33.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 26.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 270.

Scymnus brullei: Crotch, 1874b, p. 264.—Horn, 1895, p. 101.

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#_____________________________________________
##Fig. 226 . Distnbution. Scymnus (P.) brullei.
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Scymnus (Pullus) hemorrhous var. divisus Casey, 1899, p. 140.—Leng, 1920, p.213.—
Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.—Wingo, 1952, p. 33.
Scymnus (Pullus) hemorrhous var. laurenticus Casey, 1899, p. 140.—Leng, 1920, p
213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.—Wingo, 1952, p. 33.
Scymnus (Pullus) hemorrhous var. subaeneus Casey, 1899, p. 141.—Leng, 1920, p.
213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.—Wingo, 1952, p. 33.
Scymnus (Pullus) lodi Stehr, 1946, p. 80.—Wingo, 1952, p. 30.—Gordon, 1970b, p
270.

For detailed synonymy, description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 270.

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#___________________________________________
##Fig 227 . Scymnus (P.) securus. a. b. c. d.
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Scymnus (Pullus) secures J. Chapin
Fig. 227 a-b; Map, Fig. 228

Scymnus (Pullus) securus J. Chapin, 1973, p. 1072.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 25.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 275.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 275.
Additional locality record: ONTARIO: Kent Co., Tilbury.

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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 228 . Distribution. Scymnus (P.) securus.
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Genus Nephus Mulsant

Scymnus (Nephus) Mulsant, 1846, p. 237.—Mulsant, 1850, p. 958.—Casey, 1899, p. 167.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 116.—Mader, 1950, p. 60.—Wingo, 1952, p. 19.— Bielewski, 1959, p. 49.—Arnett, 1963, p. 812.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 33. Typespecies; Sphaeridium quadrimaculatum Herbst, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.
Nephus: Pope, 1957, p. 309.—Chapin, 1965, p. 200.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 276.— Belicek, 1976, p. 306.

Scymnini with antenna 10 or 11-segmented, basal 2 segments fused or not (Figs. 229a-f).
Prosternum lacking intercoxal carinae except short carina often present

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adjacent to coxal cavity, not extending anterior to cavity (Fig. 229 g).
Abdomen with 6 visible sterna;
Postcoxal line on first sternum incomplete, nearly reaching lateral margin, apical end either parallel to hind margin of sternum or recurved toward basal margin (Fig. 229 hj).
Tarsus 3-segmented.
Female genitalia lacking infundibulum, genital plate long, narrow, triangular (Fig. 229 k);
male genitalia simple, basal lobe asymmetrical or symmetrical.

The genus Nephus was revised in detail by Gordon (1976b), therefore, only additional locality records and some necessary corrections in synonymy are included for each species, and one additional species is described.

KEY TO SUBGENERA OF Nephus

1. Postcoxal line on first abdominal sternum parallel to hind margin of sternum, at most with only extreme apex curved forward (Fig. 229 j); antenna 10-segmented, basal 2 segments tightly joined (Fig. 229 d) .... 2
- Postcoxal line not completely parallel to hind margin of sternum, definitely curved forward apically (Fig. 229 h, i) .... 3
2(1). Body dorsoventrally flattened (Fig. 255 f); antenna short, club oval (Fig. 229 f) .... Depressoscymnus Gordon
- Body not dorsoventrally flattened; antenna of normal length, club with inner margin of segments discontinous (Fig. 229 d) .... Scymnobius Casey
3(1). Postcoxal line strongly curved forward along lateral border of first sternum, extending onto basal half of sternum .... Sidis Mulsant
- Postcoxal line not extending onto basal half of sternum, gently curved forward apically .... 4
4(3). Antenna 11-segmented (Fig. 229 b) .... Nephus Mulsant
- Antenna 10-segmented (Fig. 229 e) .... Turbocymnus Gordon

Subgenus Nephus Mulsant

Nephus Mulsant, 1846, p. 237.—Mulsant, 1850, p. 958.—Casey, 1899, p. 167.— Wingo, 1952, p. 19.—Bielawski, 1959, p. 49.—Arnett, 1963, p. 812.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 278.—Belicek, 1976, p. 306. Type-species; Sphaeridium quadrimaculatum Herbst, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Antenna 11-segmented, basal 2 segments fused or at least tightly joined (Fig. 229 b).
Abdomen with Postcoxal line incomplete, distinctly curved forward epically, not parallel to hind margin of first sternum (Fig. 229 h).

KEY TO SUBSPECIES OF Nephus (Nephus) ornatus (LECONTE)

1. Elytron with irregular, elongate, yellow spot (Fig. 232 ); north of New England, west and north of the Great Lakes .... ornatus naviculatus (Casey)- Elytron with 2 large, yellow spots (Fig. 230 f); New England west to Great Lakes .... ornatus ornatus (LeConte)

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#____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 229 . a-f. Antennae. a. Nephus (Nephus) quadrimaculatus. b. Nephus (Nephus) ornatus ornatus.
## c. Nephus (Sidis) binaevatus. d. Nephus (Scymnobius) sordidus. e. Nephus (Turboscymnus) georgei.
## f. Nephus (Depressoscymnus) schwarzi. g. Prosternum of Nephus sp. h. Postcoxal line of Nephus (N.) ornatus ornatus.
## i. Postcoxal line of Nephus (Turboscymnus) georgei. j. Postcoxal line of Nephus (Scymnobius sp.). k.
#____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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#_________________________________________________________
##Fig. 230 . Nephus (N.) ornatus ornatus. a. b. c. d. e. f.
#_________________________________________________________


Nephus (Nephus) ornatus ornatus (LeConte)
Fig. 230 a-f; Map, Fig. 231

Scymnus ornatus LeConte, 1850, p. 239.—LeConte, 1852, p. 135.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 260.—Horn, 1895, p. 94.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) ornatus: Casey, 1899, p. 155.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.
Scymnus (Nephus) ornatus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 164.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) sanguinifer Casey, 1899, p. 155.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.
Scymnus (Nephus) sanguinifer Korschefsky, 1931, p. 165.—Gordon, 1976b, p. p. 280.
Scymnus frosti Casey, 1924, p. 171.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 280.

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#_____________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig.231 . Distrbution. Nephus (N.) ornatus ornatus (star); N. (N.) ornatus naviculatus (dot).
#_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Nephus ornatus: Belicek, 1976, p. 307.
Nephus (Nephus) ornatus ornatus: Gordon, 1976b, p. 280.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 280.

Nephus (Nephus) ornatus naviculatus (Casey)
Fig. 232 ; Map, fig. 231

Scymnus (Scymnobius) naviculatus Casey, 1899, p. 155.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.
Scymnus (Nephus) naviculatus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 163.
Scymnus (Scymnus) kincaidi Hatch, 1961, p. 152.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 282.
Nephus (Nephus) ornatus naviculatus: Gordon, 1976b, p. 282.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 282.

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#___________________________________
##Fig. 232 . Nephus (N.) naviculatus.
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Subgenus Sidis Mulsant

Scymnus (Sidis) Mulsant, 1850, p. 975.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 117.—Bielawski, 1959, p. 42.—Fursch, 1960, p. 305.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 282. Type-species: Scymnus (Sidis) binaevatus Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931. Nephus (Sidis): Gordon, 1976b, p. 282.

Antenna 10-segmented, large basal segment undivided (Fig. 229 c); apical segment of maxillary palpus cylindrical, obliquely truncate epically.
Postcoxal line on 1st abdominal sternum incomplete, nearly reaching lateral margin, curved forward parallel to lateral margin.
Male genitalia with basal lobe asymmetrical (Fig. 233 a);
spermathecal capsule of female divided into spindle-shaped nodulus and annotated cornu, accessory gland opening at middle of nodus (Fig. 233 e).

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#___________________________________________________
##Fig. 233 Nephus (Sidis) binaevatus. a. b. c. d. e.
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Nephus (Sidis) binaevatus (Mulsant)
Fig. 233 a-e; Map, Fig. 234

Scymnus (Sidis) binaevatus Mulsant, 1850, p. 975.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 150. Mader, 1950, p. 121.—Pope, 1957, p. 295.
Nephus (Sidis) binaevatus: Gordon, 1976b, p. 284.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 284.
Additional locality records: CALIFORNIA: San Mateo Co., Daly City.

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#__________________________________________________
##Fig 234 . Distribution. Nephus (Sidis) binaevatus.
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Subgenus Turboscymnus Gordon

Turboscymnus Gordon, 1976b, p. 287. Type-species: Scymnus georgei Weise, by monotypy.

Antenna 10-segmented, one large basal segment present showing slight indication of fusion (Fig. 229 e);
apical segment of maxillary palpus cylindrical, obliquely truncate epically.
Postcoxal line on 1st abdominal sternum curved throughout, apical end approaching lateral border of sternum, curved forward (Fig. 229 i).
Male genitalia with basal lobe asymmetrical;
female spermathecal capsule feebly curved medially (Fig. 235 e).

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#________________________________________________________
##Fig. 235 . Nephus (Turboscymnus) georgei. a. b. c. d. e.
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#_______________________________________________________
##Fig. 236 . Distribution. Nephus (Turboscymnus) georgei.
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Nephus (Turboscymnus) georgei (Weise)
Fig. 235 a-e; Map, Fig. 236

Scymnus bisignatus Horn, 1895, p. 92. - (not Boheman, 1859).—Weise, 1929, p. 33.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) bisignatus: Casey, 1899, p. 160.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.
Scymnus georgei Weise, 1929, p. 33.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.
Scymnus (Scymnus) bisignatus: Hatch, 1961, p. 153.
Nephus georgei: Belicek, 1976, p. 307.
Nephus (Turboscymnus) georgei (Weise): Gordon, 1976b, p. 287.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 287.

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Subgenus Scymnobius Casey

Scymnus (Scymnobius) Casey, 1899, p. 139.—Weise, 1905, p. 220.—Leng, 1920, p. 213.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 116.—Hatch, 1961, p. 153.—Arnett, 1963, p. 812.— Gordon, 1976, p. 290.—Type-species; Scymnusflavifrons Melsheimer, by subsequentdesignationofGordon, 1976b.
Nephus (Scymnobius): Gordon, 1976b, p. 290.

Antenna 10-segmented, basal 2 segments very tightly joined (Fig. 229 d);
apical segment of maxillary palpus cylindrical, obliquely truncate Epically.
Postcoxal line on 1st abdominal sternum running parallel to hind margin of sternum, not reaching lateral margin,
apex may be slightly curved forward.
Male genitalia with basal lobe symmetrical or asymmetrical;
female spermathecal capsule bent or curved at approximately a right angle (Fig. 237 e).

KEY TO SPECIES OF Nephus (Scymnobius)

1. Elytron entirely or mostly light yellow or brown .... 7
- Elytron entirely black or at least dark, often with yellow areas or spots .... 2
2(1). Elytron entirely black; pronotum reddish yellow .... gordoni (Dozier)
- Elytron not entirely black, or if so, then pronotum not entirely reddish yellow .... 3
3(2). Elytron completely black or with 2 yellow spots (Fig. 243 f) or with one yellow spot (Fig. 243 g) or with 2 spots feebly connected (Fig. 243 h) California and Oregon .... atramentarius (Boheman)
- Elytron not as described above, or if so, not occurring in California or Oregon .... 4
4(3). Elytron with 2 yellow spots; Arizona .... quadrarius (Casey)
- Elytron variable but never with 2 distinctly defined, yellow spots .... 5
5(4). Elytron with a more or less rounded, yellow or reddish yellow spot on apical half .... 6
- Elytron with 2 irregularly transverse yellow areas (Figs. 24 1 e, f), areas often obscurely connected medially .... guttulatus (LeConte)
6(5). Form nearly round; pronotum entirely reddish yellow or with only a small, basal area darkened; Florida .... bivulnerus (Horn)
- Form elongate; pronotum usually entirely black or with antero-lateral angle narrowly pale; not restricted to Florida .... flavifrons (Melsheimer)
7(1). Elytron dark brown in basal l, apical paler brownish red (Fig. 252 a) .... timberlakei, n. sp.
- Elytron unicolorous or with only sutural margin darkened .... 8
8(7). Form short, rounded; pronotum distinctly paler than elytron .... wickhami Gordon
- Form elongate, narrow, pronotum and base of elytron unicolorous .... 9
9(3). Occuring in eastern United States from Atlantic Coast to eastern Texas .... intrusus (Horn)
- Occuring in western United States from Pacific Coast to western Texas, Colorado and Idaho .... sordidus (Horn)

Nephus (Scymnobius)flavifrons (Melsheimer)
Fig. 237 a-f; Map, Fig. 238

Scymnus flavifrons Melsheimer, 1847, p. 181.—LeConte, 1852, p. 136.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 261.—Horn, 1895, p. 93.—Blatchley, 1910, p. 526.
Scymnus (Scymnobius)flavifrons: Casey, 1899, p. 155—Leng, 1920, p. 214.

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#____________________________________________________
##Fig. 237 . Nephus (S.) flavifrons. a. b. c. d. e. f.
#____________________________________________________

Scymnus (Nephus)flavifrons: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 158.—Wingo, 1952, p. 43.—J. Chapin, 1974, p.34.
Scymnus (Nephus) bioculatus Mulsant, 1850, p. 960.
Scymnus bioculatus: LeConte, 1852, p. 136.—Crotch, 1874b, p 261.
Scymnusfllavifrons var. bioculatus: Horn, 1895, p. 93.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) bioculatus: Casey, 1899, p. 155.
Scymnus (Nephus)Jlavi^Srons ab. bioculatus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 158.
Scymnus (Nephus) bioculatus guttiger Mulsant, 1850, p. 961.

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#____________________________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 238 . Distribution. Nephus (S.) flavifrons (peripheral and disjunct localities dotted).
#____________________________________________________________________________________________

Scymnus bioculatus var. guttiger: Horn, 1895, p. 93.
Scymnus (Nephus) flavifrons ab. guttiger Korschefsky, 1931, p. 158.
Scymnus (Nephus) bioculatus marginellus Mulsant, 1850, p. 961.
Scymnus bioculatus var. marginellus: Horn, 1895, p. 93.
Scymnus (Nephus) flavifrons marginellus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 158.
Scymnus ludovicianus Casey, 1924, p. 172.—Leng and Mutchler, 1927, p. 33.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 34.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 292.
Nephus (Scymnobius) flavifrons: Gordon, 1976b, p. 292.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 292.

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#____________________________________________________
##Fig. 239 . Nephus (S.) bivulnerus. a. b. c. d. e. f.
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Nephus (Scymnobius) bivulnerus (Horn)
Fig. 239 a-f; Map, Fig. 240

Scymnus bivulnerus Horn, 1895, p. 92.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) bivulnerus: Casey, 1899, p. 155.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.
Scymnus (Nephus) bivulnerus: Korschefsky, 193 1, p. 155.
Nephus (Scymnobius) bivulnerus: Gordon, 1976b, p. 295.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 295.

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#________________________________________________
##Fig. 240 . Distribution. Nephus (S.) bivulnerus.
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#_________________________________
##Fig 241 . Nephus (S.) guttulatus.
#_________________________________

Nephus (Scymnobius) guttulatus (LeConte)
Fig. 241 a-g; Map, Fig. 242

Scymnus guttulatus LeConte, 1852, p. 136.—Crotch, 1874b, p. 261.—Horn, 1895, p. 95.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) guttulatus: Casey, 1899, p 155.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.
Scymnus (Nephus) guttulatus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 159.
Scymnus coloradensis Horn, 1895, p. 94.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Gordon, 1976b, 298.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) coloradensis: Casey, l899, p. 156.
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#_______________________________________________
##Fig.242 . Distribution. Nephus (S.) guttulatus.
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Scymnus (Nephus) coloradensis: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 156
Scymnus (Scymnobius) scitus Casey, 1899, p. 156.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 16S.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 298.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) suavis Casey, 1899, p. 1 S6.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 298.
Scymnus (Nephus) suavis: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.
Nephus (Scymnobius) guttulatus: Gordon, 1976b, p. 298.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 299.
Additional locality records: CALIFORNIA: San Diego Co., Mouth of Tijuana R.;
San Luis Obispo Co., Oceano, Dune Lakes 3 mi. S.
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#_____________________________________
##Fig. 243 . Nephus (S.) atramentarius.
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#__________________________________________________
##Fig. 244 . Distibution . Nephus (S.) atramentarius.
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Nephus (Scymnobius) atramentarius (Boheman)
Fig. 243 a-h; Map, Fig. 244

Scymnus atramentarius Boheman, 1859, p.207.—Leng, 1920, p.214.—Korschefsky, 1931, p. 154.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) maculatus Hatch, 1961, p. 153.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 302.
Nephus (Scymnobius) atramentarius: Gordon, 1976b, p. 301.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 301. Additional locality record: IDAHO: Caribou Co., Soda Springs

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#___________________________________
##Fig. 245 . Nephus (S.) quadrarius.
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Nephus (Scymnobius) quadrarius (Casey) Fig. 245 a-e; Map, Fig. 246
Scymnus quadrarius Casey, 1924, p. 173.—Leng, and Mutchler, 1927, p. 33.
Scymnus schuberti Nunenmacher, 1934a, p. 17.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 303.
Nephus (Scymnobius) quadrarius: Gordon, 1976b, p. 303.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 303. Additonal locality record: ARIZONA: Santa Cruz Co., Madera Canyon.
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#_______________________________________________________________________________
##Fig. 246 . Distribution. Nephus (S.) quadrarius (dot); N. (S.) wickhami (star).
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#________________________________
##Fig. 247 . Nephus (S.) wickhami.
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Nephus (Scymnobius) wickhami Gordon
Fig. 247 a-d; Map, Fig. 246

Nephus (Scymnobius) wickhami Gordon, 1976b, p. 306.
For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 306.
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#________________________________
##Fig. 248 . Nephus (S.) sordidus.
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Nephus (Scymnobius) sordidus (Horn)
Fig. 248 a-e; Map, Fig. 249

Scymnus sordidus Horn, 1895, p. 93.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) sordidus: Casey, 1899, p. 156.—Leng, 1920, p. 214,
Scymnus (Nephus) sordidus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 166.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) intrusoides Hatch, 1961, p. 153.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 309.
Nephus sordidus: Belicek, 1 976, p. 307.
Nephus (Scymnobius) sordidus: Gordon, 1976b, p. 309.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 309. Additional locality records: CALIFORNIA: Imperial Co., Glamis; Riverside Co., Rice Dunes; San Diego, Co., mouth of Tijuana R.

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#______________________________________________
##Fig. 249 . Distribution. Nephus (S.) sordidus.
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#________________________________
##Fig. 250 . Nephus (S.) intrusus.
#________________________________

Nephus (Scymnobius) intrusus (Horn) Fig. 250 a-b; Fig. 251 c-e; Map, Fig. 253

Scymnus intrusus Horn, 1895, p. 92.—Blatchley, 1910, p. 526.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) intrusus: Casey, 1899, p. 156.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.
Scymnus (Nephus) intrusus: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.—Wingo, 1952, p. 43.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 34.
Scymnus (Scymnobius) inops: Casey, 1899, p. 156.—Leng, 1920, p. 214.—Gordon, 1976b, p. 312.
Scymnus (Nephus) inops: Korschefsky, 1931, p. 160.
Nephus (Scymnobius) intrusus: Gordon, 1976b, p. 312.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 312. Additional locality records: TEXAS: Jones Co., 2 ml. w. Noodle; Tom Green Co., 16 ml. NE San Angelo.
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#________________________________
##Fig. 251 . Nephus (S.) intrusus.
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#___________________________________
##Fig. 252 . Nephus (S.) timberlakei.
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Nephus (Scymnobius) timberlakei, new species
Fig. 252 a, b

Description.
Female, length 1.66 mm, width 1.22 mm.
Oval, elongate.
Color brownish red, elytron dark brown in basal l/2, dark brown area blended into brownish red of apical (Fig. 252 a),
mesa- and metasterna dark brown.
Punctures on head and pronotum extremely fine, nearly invisible.
Elytron slightly dull, surface alutaceous, coarsely punctured, punctures separated by one to 3 times a diameter;
pubescence yellowish white, semi-erect, arranged in S-curve.
Postcoxal line parallel, widely separated from hind margin of 1st sternum, not approaching lateral margin.
Apex of 6th sternum barely perceptibly emarginate.
Female genitalia as in Figure 252 b.

Variation. Length 1.66 to 2.0 mm; width 1.22 to 1.33 mm.

Holotype.
Female. TEXAS: Brownsville, Apr. 21, '15, Timberlake Coll., Salt Lake Lab No. 9682. USNM (101332).

Paratypes.
Total 3. Same data as holotype except collection dates Apr. 4, '15; Apr. 20, '15; Apr. 21, '15. (UCR) (USNM).

This species most closely resembles N. intrusus, but N. timberlakei is larger and has the elytron bicolored.
No males were available for study, so the genitalic affinities remain unknown.
I name this species for P. H. Timberlake who first identified it as an undescribed species,
in recognition of his fine work in the Coccinellidae.
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##Fig. 253 . Distribution. Nephus (S.) intrusus (dot); N. (S.) gordoni (star).
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##Fig 254 . Nephus (S.) gordoni.
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Nephus (Scymnobius) gordoni (Dozier)
Fig. 254 a-e; Map, Fig. 253

Scymnus (Scymnobius) gordoni Dozier, 1971, p. 87.
Nephus (Scymnobius) gordoni: Gordon, 1 976b, p. 315.

For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p 315. Additional locality record: SOUTH CAROLINA: 7 mi. NE Pickens.

Subgenus Depressoscymnus Gordon

Depressoscymnus Gordon, 1976b, p. 315. Type-species; Nephus (Depressoscymnus) schwarzi, by monotypy.

Antenna short, 10-segmented, basal 2 segments tightly joined, club broad, oval outer margin of segments nearly continuous (Fig. 229 f);
apical segment of maxillary

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##Fig. 255 . Nephus (Depressoscymnus) schwarzi.
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palpus distinctly securiform.
Body flattened dorsoventrally (Fig. 255 f).
Postcoxal line as in Scymnobius.
Male genitalia symmetrical;
spermathecal capsule of female of the Scymnobius type.

Nephus (Depressoscymnus) schwarzi Gordon
Fig. 255 a-f; Map, Fig. 256

Nephus (Depressoscymnus) schwarzi Gordon, 1976b, p. 315.
For detailed description, and discussion see Gordon, 1976b, p. 315. Additional locality record: ARIZONA: Pima Co., Molino Basin, Mt. Lemmon Hwy., 4,400'

Genus Diomus Mulsant
Scymnus (Diomus) Mulsant, 185O, p. 951.—Gorham, 1897, p. 226.—Casey, 1899, p. 139.—Leng,1920,p.213.—Korschefsky,1931,p. 116.—Mader, 1955,p.955.— Wingo, 1952, p. 19.—J. Chapin, 1974, p. 35. Diomus: Weise, 1885a, p. 83.—Mader, 1924, p. 8.—Chapin, 1933, p. 95.—Pope,

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##Fig. 256 . Distribution. Nephus (Depressoscymnus) Schwartz.
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1957, p. 3 1 1.—Gordon, 1 976b, p. 3 19.

Type-species: Coccinella thoracicus Fabricius, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Head with clypeal margin truncate, gena extending onto eye beside antennal insertion;
antenna 1 O-segmented, 3rd segment as long as segments 4-6 combined (Fig. 257 a);
apical segment of maxillary palpus securiform.
Prosternum with 2 fine, complete carinae extending to anteror margin of prosternum.
Tarsus 3-segmented.
Postcoxal line extending down and joining hind margin of 1st abdominal sternum (Fig. 257 b).
First abdominal sternum fused to 2nd medially;
male with sterna 2-6 contracted, 5th sternum broadly, feebly emarginate epically.
Male genitalia with basal lobe asymmetrical; sipho extremely long, slender, or short, evenly curved.
Female genitalia with genital plates short, rounded or truncate apically (Fig. 257 c);
sperm duct long and tangled, or short, simple.

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The genus Diomus was revised in detail by Gordon (1976b), therefore, only additional locality records
and some necessary corrections in synonymy are included for each species.
One imported species now established in California is included.

KEY TO SPECIES OF Diomus

1. Color completely pale yellow or yellowish brown; length less than 1.40 mm .... debilis (LeConte)
- Color not completely pale, or if so, then length more than 1.40 mm .... 2
2(1). Elytron black with single, obliquely transverse, yellow band, anterior to middle (Fig. 258 a); Florida .... balteatus (LeConte)
- Elytron not as described above; Florida and elsewhere .... 3
3(2). Elytron black except apical 1/4 yellow (Fig. 276 e) .... terminates (Say)
- Elytron not as described above .... 4
4(3). Elytron black or at least dark with irregular yellow areas (Fig. 269 d); California .... taedarus (Fall)
- Elytron not as described above; species not occurring in California .... 5
5(4). Elytron dark brown with 2 irregularly connected yellow spots (Fig. 268 b); Brownsville, Texas .... pseudotaedatus Gordon
- Elytron not as described above .... 6
6(5). Apex of elytron with a single yellow spot not reaching suture (Fig. 280 d) .... roseicollis (Mulsant)
- Elytron not as described above .... 7
7(6). Pronotum yellow with large black median spot; elytron almost completely dark, only narrow border pale, western Texas .... texanus Gordon
- Pronotum and elytron not as described above; not known from western Texas .... 8
8(7). Pronotum yellow; elytron black or dark with sutural and apical margins obviously reddish brown, or entirely light yellowish brown; Arizona .... arizonicus Gordon
- Dorsal color not as described above; not occurring in Arizona .... 9
9(8). Form depressed, oval; elytron dark with 2 rounded, yellow spots (Fig. 266 d) .... humilis Gordon
- Form not depressed; elytron rarely with 2 yellow spots (except myrmidon) .... 10
10(9). Elytron entirely light reddish brown; Texas .... xanthaspis (Mulsant)
- Elytron either entirely dark or dark with a distinct pale pattern .... 11
11(10). Elytron dark with some form of definite pale markings .... 14
- Elytron entirely dark or with obscure, indefinite lightening toward apex, or with apical border narrowly yellow .... 12
12(11). Elytron entirely black; coastal California (imported species) .... pumilio Weise
- Elytron not entirely black, or if so, then not occurring in coastal California (native species) .... 13
13(12). Elytron with apex distinctly, narrowly yellow; Pronotum entirely reddish yellow or at most with basal, median projection darkened .... xanthaspis (Mulsant)
- Elytron entirely black or dark or with an obscurely paler area on apical half; Pronotum usually with at least basal half darkened, often entirely piceous .... austrinus Gordon
14(11). Length 1.75 mm, or more; form robust, convex; elytron with 2 somewhat rounded, yellow spots (Fig. 265 d) .... myrmidon (Mulsant)
- Length less than 1.80 mm; form not strongly robust or convex; elytron rarely with 2 rounded, yellow spots .... 15
15(14). Elytron with single yellow spot on disc, or with yellow spot on disc narrowly connected to broad, apical, yellow area (Fig. 271 e, f); form strongly rounded .... bigemmeus (Horn)

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##Fig. 257 . Diomus sp. a. Antenna. b. Postcoxal line. c. Genital plates.
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- Elytron with color pattern not as described above; form narrow, elongate, or form short, broad, nearly truncate epically .... 16
16(15). Form elongate, narrow, parallel sided (Fig. 261 e-j) .... 17
- Form short, broad, nearly truncate apically (Fig. 263 d) .... liebecki (Horn)
17(16). Basal lobe of male genitalia robust, strongly asymmetrical in ventral view (Fig. 261 a) .... amabilis (LeConte)
- Basal lobe of male genitalia slender, not strongly asymmetrical in ventral view (Fig. 260 a) .... floridanus (Mulsant)

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##Fig. 258 . Diomus balteatus. a. b.
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