The Framework for Post-Phylogenetic Systematics reframes
biological systematics to reconcile classical and cladistic schools. It
combines scientific intuition and statistical inference in a new form of
total evidence analysis developing a joint macroevolutionary
process-based causal theory. Discrepancies between classical results and
morphological and molecular cladograms are explained through
heterophyletic inference of deep ancestral taxa, coarse priors leading
to Bayesian Solution of total evidence, self-nesting ladders that can
reverse branching order, and a superoptimization protocol that aids in
distinguishing pseudoextinction from budding evolution. It determines
direction of transformative evolution through Dollo evaluation at the
taxon level. The genus as a basic, practical unit of evolution is
postulated for taxa with dissilient evolution. Scientific intuition is
defended as highly developed heuristics based on physical principles.
The geometric mean and Fibonacci series in powers of the golden ratio
explain distributions of measurements of the form (a-)b-c(-d) when close
to zero. This series is basic both to S. J. Gould's speciational
reformulation of macroevolution and to psychologically salient numbers.
The effect of molecular systematics on conservation and biodiversity
research is shown to be of immediate concern. The value of cladistic
study for serial macroevolutionary reconstruction is reduced to-in
morphological studies, evaluation of relatively primitive or advanced
taxa, and distinction of taxa by autapomorphies, and-in molecular
studies, identification of deep ancestors via heterophyly or
unreasonable patristic distance not explainable by extinct or unsampled
extended paraphyly. Evolutionary paraphyly is common in cladistics and
is to be avoided; phylogenetic paraphyly, however, can be informative.
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