Three bathypelagic scolecitrichids new to the North Pacific, with comments on diagnostic features of Scolecitrichidae and Tharybidae and on the positions of Heteramalla, Rythabis and Parkius (Copepoda: Calanoida)

N.V. Vyshkvartzeva

Abstract. Additional descriptions and illustrations of the females of Heteramalla sarsi Roe, 1975, Amallothrix aspinosa Roe, 1975 and Landrumius gigas (A. Scott, 1909), collected in the central and northwestern Pacific for the first time, are presented. The diagnostic significance of the setation of the maxillules, maxillae and maxillipeds in Scolecitrichidae, Tharybidae and Diaixidae is analyzed. The proportions of maxillule expressed as indices showing length or width of its different parts in relation to the width of the first inner lobe are proposed here as the main distinguishing characters separating Scolecitrichidae and Tharybidae, more informative than some diagnostic features of its setation. The relationships between the Bradfordian families and between sections of the family Scolecitrichidae are discussed, mainly on the basis of setation of the maxilla and maxilliped. The systematic positions of A. aspinosa and the genera Heteramalla, Puchinia, Cenognatha, Plesioscolecithrix, Rythabis and Parkius are discussed. A detailed comparative analysis of characters of the genus Heteramalla is provided. Heteramalla and Puchinia belong to the group of early offshoots of the family Scolecitrichidae, not to the central core, where they were placed by Ohtsuka with coauthors (2003) and by Boxshall & Hulsey (2004). Rythabis has the setation of maxillule closer to the ancestral type common to all Bradfordian families, but the proportions of maxillule typical to Tharybidae. Since the indices of maxillule do not overlap in Scolecitrichidae and Tharybidae, and the maxillule and other mouthparts show different evolutionary trends of specialization, Rythabis is considered as a member of the Tharybidae, where it was placed by Schulz (in Schulz & Beckmann, 1995). Parkius has the proportions of the maxillule intermediate between those in Scolecitrichidae and Tharybidae and unique apomorphic features recorded earlier by Ferrari & Markhaseva (1996). These unique progressive features of Parkius can be a result of important biological transformations, compared with the other Bradfordian families; therefore the status of the separate family Parkiidae, fam. dist., is restored. The male considered as Racovitzanus sp. (Grice & Hulsemann, 1967) actually belongs to Parkius. Swimming legs 5 of this male are peculiar, fitting those neither of Scolecitrichidae nor of Tharybidae. Their structure shows a separate evolutionary trend and also justifies the family status of Parkiidae.

Zoosystematica Rossica, 2004, 13(2): 157–180 ▪ Published in print 11 July 2005

https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2004.13.2.157 ▪ Open full article

References

Alzamora, M.M. 1940. Los copépodos pelágicos del mar de Baleares. Notas Resúm. Inst. Espan. Oceanogr., ser. 2, 99: 1-15.

Andronov, V.N. 1981. Xantharus formosus gen. et sp. n. (Copepoda, Calanoida) from the north-western Atlantic. Zool. Zh., 60(11): 1719-1721. (In Russian).

Andronov, V.N. 2002. The calanoid copepods (Crustacea) of the genera Diaixis Sars, 1902, Parundinella Fleminger, 1957, Undinella Sars, 1900 and Tharybis Sars, 1902. Arthropoda Selecta, 11: 1-80.

Björnberg, T.K.S. 1975. New species of marine bathypelagic copepods collected off South America. Ciência e Cultura, 27: 175-188.

Boxshall, G.A. & Halsey, S.H. 2004. An introduction to copepod diversity. London: The Ray Society. 966 p.

Bradford, J. 1973. Revision of family and some generic definitions in the Phaennidae and Scolecithricidae (Copepoda: Calanoida). N. Z. J. mar. freshw. Res., 7: 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1973.9515460

Bradford, J.M., Haakonssen, L. & Jillett, J.B. 1983. The marine fauna of New Zealand: pelagic calanoid copepods: families Euchaetidae, Phaennidae, Scolecithricidae, Diaixidae, and Tharybidae. N. Z. oceanogr. Inst. Mem., 90: 1-150.

Bradford-Grieve, J.M. 2001. Two species of benthopelagic calanoid copepods of the genus Neoscolecithrix Canu, 1896 s. str. from New Zealand and the segregation of Cenognatha n. gen. N. Z. J. mar. freshw. Res., 35: 781-793. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2001.9517042

Campaner, A.F. 1984. Scaphocalanus and Scolecithricella (Copepoda, Calanoida, Scolecithricidae) from the epipelagial off Southern Brazil: a taxonomic and distributional survey. Bol. Zool., 8: 165-187. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3358.bolzoo.1984.122189

Dogiel, V.A. 1954. Oligomerizatsiya gomologichnykh organov kak odin iz glavnykh putey evolyutsii zhivotnykh [Oligomerization of the homologous organs as one of the main pathways in animal evolution]. Leningrad: Izd. Leningr. Univ. 368 p. (In Russian).

Farran, G.P. 1905. Report on the Copepoda of the Atlantic slope off counties Mayo and Galway. Ann. Rep. Fish. Ireland, 1902-1903, 2, App. 2, sci. Invest.: 23-52.

Farran, G.P. 1936. Copepoda. Sci. Rep. of the Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-1929, 5(3): 73-142. London: British Mus. (Natur. Hist.).

Ferrari, F.D. & Markhaseva, E.L. 1996. Parkius karenwishnerae, a new genus and species of calanoid copepod (Parkiidae, new family) from benthopelagic waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 190: 262-285.

Ferrari, F.D. & Markhaseva, E.L. 2000. Grievella shanki, a new genus and species of scolecitrichid calanoid copepod (Crustacea) from a hydrothermal vent along the southern East Pacific Rise. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 113: 1079-1088.

Fleminger, A. 1957. New genus and two species of Tharybidae (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the Gulf of Mexico with remarks on the status of the family. Fish. Wildlife Serv. U. S., 57(116): 347-354.

Fleminger, A. 1983. Description and phylogeny of Isaacsicalanus paucisetus, n. gen., n. sp. (Copepoda: Calanoida: Spinocalanidae) from an East Pacific hydrothermal vent site (21°N). Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 96: 605-622.

Fosshagen, A. 1972. Neoscolecithrix farrani Smirnov (Copepoda, Calanoida) from North Norway. Astarte, 5: 1-6.

Giesbrecht, W. 1892. Systematik und Faunistik der pelagischen Copepoden des Golfs von Neapel und der agrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 19: 1-831. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59541

Grice, G.D. 1962. Calanoid copepods from equatorial waters of the Pacific Ocean. Fish. Bull., 61(186): 171-246.

Grice, G.D. 1972. The existence of a bottom-living calanoid copepod fauna in deep water with descriptionof five species. Crustaceana, 23: 219-242. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854072X00138

Grice, G.D. & Hulsemann, K. 1965. Abundance, vertical distribution and taxonomy of calanoid copepods at selected stations in the north-east Atlantic. J. Zool. (London), 146: 213-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb05210.x

Grice, G.D. & Hulsemann, K. 1967. Bathypelagic calanoid copepods of the western Indian Ocean. Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 122(3583): 1-67. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.122-3583.1

Grice, G.D. & Hulsemann, K. 1968. Calanoid copepods from midwater trawl collections made in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Pacif. Sci., 22: 322-335.

Hulsemann, K. 1985. A new species of Neoscolecithrix Canu (Copepoda Calanoida) in Antarctic waters with remarks on the genus. Polar Biol., 5: 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00446046

Huys, R. & Boxshall, G.A. 1991. Copepod evolution. London: The Ray Society. 468 p.

Markhaseva, E.L. 1993. Phylogenetic trends within Aetideidae (Copepoda, Calanoida). Issled. Fauny Morey, 45(53): 51-69. (In Russian).

Markhaseva, E.L. & Dahms, H.-U. 2004. Plesioscolecithrix (Copepoda, Calanoida, Scolecitrichidae): a new genus and a new species from the high Antarctic Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean). Sarsia, 89: 326-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364820410002596

Mori, T. 1937. The pelagic Copepoda from the neighbouring waters of Japan . Tokyo. 150 p.

Nishida, S. & Ohtsuka, S. 1997. Ultrastructure of the mouthpart sensory setae in mesopelagic copepods of the family Scolecitrichidae. Plankton Biol. Ecol., 44(1-2): 81-90.

Ohtsuka S., Boxshall, J. & Fosshagen, A. 2003. A new species of Neoscolecithrix (Crustacea; Copepoda; Calanoida) from off Okinawa, Southwestern Japan, with comments on the generic position in the superfamily Clausocalanoidea. Bull. nat. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. A, 29: 53-63.

Ohtsuka, S., Takeuchi, I. & Tanimura, A. 1998. Xanthocalanus gracilis and Tharybis magna (Copepoda: Calanoida) rediscovered from the Antarctic Ocean with baited traps. J. natur. Hist., 32: 785-804. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939800770421

Othman, B.H.R. & Greenwood, G.J. 1994. A new genus with three new species of copepods from the family Diaixidae (Crustacea: Calanoida) and a redefinition of the family. J. natur. Hist., 28: 987-1005. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939400770531

Park, T.S. 1970. Calanoid copepods from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. 2. New species and new records from plankton samples. Bull. Mar. Sci., 27: 272-546.

Park, T.S. 1980. Calanoid copepods of the genus Scolecithricella from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. Paper 2. Biology of the Antarctic Seas IX. Antarctic Res. Ser., 31: 1-79. https://doi.org/10.1029/AR058p0001

Park, T.S. 1982. Calanoid copepods of the genus Scaphocalanus from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. Paper 2. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XI. Antarctic Res. Ser., 34: 1-127. https://doi.org/10.1029/AR034p0075

Park, T.S. 1983. Calanoid copepods of some scolecithricid genera from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. Antarctic Res. Ser., 38: 165-213. https://doi.org/10.1029/AR038p0165

Razouls, C. 1995. Diversité et répartition géographique chez les copepods pélagiques. 1. Calanoida. Ann. Inst. Océanogr., 71: 81-401.

Roe, H.S.J. 1975. Some new and rare species of calanoid copepods from the northeastern Atlantic. Bull. Brit. Mus. natur. Hist. Zool., 28(7): 295-372.

Rose, M. 1933. Copépodes pélagiques. Faune de France, 26. Paris. 374 p.

Rose, M. 1942. Les Scolecithricidae (Copépodes pélagiques) de la Baie d’Alger. Ann. Inst. Océanogr., 21: 113-170.

Sars, G.O. 1903. Copepoda: Calanoida. An account of the Crustacea of Norway, 4. Bergen. 171 p.

Sars, G.O. 1907. Notes supplémentaires sur les Calanoides de la Princess-Alice (corrections et additions). Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, 101: 1-27.

Sars, G.O. 1924-1925. Copépodes particulièrement bathypélagiques provenant des campagnes scientifiques du Prince Albert 1-er de Monaco. Résult. Camp. Sci. Prince Albert 1-er, 69: 1-408. (1924 – atlas, 1925 – text).

Schulz, K. 1981. Tharybis minor sp. n. (Copepoda: Calanoida: Tharybidae) aus dem nordwestafrikanischen Auftriebsgebiet mit Anmerkungen zur Gattung Tharybis Sars. Mitt. Hamburg zool. Mus. Inst., 78: 169-177.

Schulz, K. 1989. Notes on rare spinocalanid copepods from the eastern North Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of the genera Spinocalanus and Teneriforma (Copepoda: Calanoida). Mitt. Hamburg zool. Mus. Inst., 86: 185-208.

Schulz, K. 1991. New species of the family Scolecitrichidae (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the Arabian Sea. Mitt. Hamburg zool. Mus. Inst., 88: 197-209.

Schulz, K. 1998. A new species of Xantharus Andronov, 1981 (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the mesopelagic zone of the Antarctic Ocean. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuch., 52: 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02908734

Schulz, K. & Beckmann, W. 1995. New benthopelagic tharybids (Copepoda, Calanoida) from the deep North Atlantic. Sarsia, 80: 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1995.10413592

Scott, A. 1909. The Copepoda of the Siboga expeditions. Part 1. Free-swimming, littoral and semi-parasitic Copepoda. Siboga Exped., 29a. Leyden. 323 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58653

Scott, T. 1894. Report on Entomostraca from the Gulf of Guinea collected by John Rattrag. Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., 6(1): 1-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1894.tb00660.x

Shich, C.-T. & Stallard, N. 1982. Notes on two deep-water calanois (Aetideopsis rostrata and Neoscolecithrix farrani) from Lancaster Sound. Arctic, 35: 56-60. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic2307

Takhtajan, A.L. 1966. Klassifikatsiya i filogeniya tsvetkovykh rasteniy [Classification and phylogeny of flowering plants]. Moscow-Leningrad: Nauka. 610 p. (In Russian).

Takhtajan, A.L. 1980. Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). Bot. Rev., 46(3): 1-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861558

Tanaka, O. 1961. The pelagic copepods of the Izu Region, middle Japan. Systematic account. VII. Family Scolecithricidae (Part 1). Publ. Seto mar. biol. Lab., 9: 139-190. https://doi.org/10.5134/174658

Vaupel-Klein, J.C. von. 1970. Notes on a small collection of calanoid copepods from the northeastern Pacific, including the description of a new species of Undinella (Fam. Tharybidae). Zool. Verhandel., 110: 1-43.

Vervoort, W. 1965. Pelagic Copepoda. Part II. Copepoda Calanoida of the families Phaennidae up to and including Acartiidae, containing the description of a new species of Aetideidae. Atlantide Rep., 8: 9-216.

Vervoort, W. 1990. Scolecocalanus stocki sp. nov., a new calanoid copepod from Indonesian waters. Beaufortia,41: 177-184.

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. 1983. Spinocalanidae. In: Brodsky, K.A., Vyshkvartzeva, N.V., Kos, M.S. & Markhaseva, E.L. Veslonogie rakoobraznye morey SSSR i sopredel’nykh vod [Oar-footed crustaceans (Copepoda: Calanoida) of the USSR seas and adjacent waters]. Opred. Faune SSSR, 135: 250-338. Leningrad: Nauka. (In Russian).

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. 1987. Scaphocalanus acutocornis sp. n. (Copepoda, Scolecithricidae) from the abyssopelagial Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. Zool. Zh., 66: 1573-1576. (In Russian).

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. 1989a. On the systematics of the family Scolecithricidae (Copepoda, Calanoida). New genus Archescolecithrix and redescription of the genus Mixtocalanus Brodsky, 1950. Issled. Fauny Morey, 41(49): 5-23. (In Russian).

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. 1989b. Puchinia obtusa gen. et sp. n. (Copepoda, Calanoida) from the ultraabyssal of the Kuril-Kamchatsk trench and the place of the genus in the family Scolecithricidae. Zool. Zh., 68: 29-38. (In Russian).

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. 1993. To the systematics of Scaphocalanus species (Copepoda Calanoida Scolecithricidae) females of which have no fifth leg. Issled. Fauny Morey, 45(53): 7-29. (In Russian).

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. 2000. Two new genera of Scolecitrichidae and redefinition of Scolecithricella Sars and Amallothrix Sars (Copepoda, Calanoida). Zoosyst. Ross., 8(2): 217-241.

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. 2001. A key to the genera Scolecitrichidae, with description of a new genus and redescription of two species (Crustacea, Calanoida). Zoosyst. Ross., 9(1): 77-98.

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. 2003. A new bathypelagic copepod Pseudoamallothrix paralaminata sp. n. from the ArcticBasin and arguments for the transfer of Xanthocalanus soaresmoreirai Björnberg, 1975 to the genus Pseudoamallothrix (Calanoida: Scolecitrichidae). Zoosyst. Ross., 12(1): 39-47.

Vyshkvartzeva, N.V. & Prusova, I.J. 1997. A new calanoid copepod, Scaphocalanus somaliensis from the western Arabian Sea (Copepoda: Scolecithricidae). Zoosyst. Ross., 6(1): 33-36.

Wilson, C.B. 1942. The copepods of the plankton gathered during the last cruise of the Carnegie. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 536: 1-237.

Wilson, C.B. 1950. Copepods gathered by the United States Fisheries Steamer “Albatross” from 1887 to 1909, chiefly in the Pacific Ocean. U. S. nat. Mus. Bull. 100, 14(4): 141-441.

Volume, Year: