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(fragment of the Key to
freshwater invertebrates
of Russia and adjacent lands)
1(16). Abdomen with 6-7 ventrites (visible sternites) of which the first three are fused (but with noticeable sutures) and ventrite 1 in the middle is completely cut by metacoxae and is visible only between them and also on the sides (in aquatic forms it is not movable and fused with metathorax) or abdomen with 4 ventrites, of which ventrite 1 is half of abdomen and metacoxae completely fused medially do not reach even middle of ventrite 1 (Noteridae: Phreatodytinae); notopleural sutures distinct; tarsi 5-5-5 (sometimes with very small tarsomere 4: Dytiscidae, subfam. Hydroporinae) . . . suborder Adephaga
2(5). Terrestrial species with running and walking legs, frequently at water edge; body with long sensitive setae; metacoxae normally do not reach epipleura on the sides, so that metathorax on the sides contacts venrite 1; antennae bare or with pubescent antennomeres 3-5.
3(4). Metacoxae do not reach epipleura of elytra, so that metepimer on the sides contacts ventrite 1; antennae, beginning with antennomeres 3-5 in dense recumbent hairs . . . Carabidae - ground beetles (Табл. 1: 1, 2)
Ground beetles are among the most abundant groups of open living beetles, to a certain extent associated with humid habitats including strands of water bodies. These include species of the genera Cicindela, Nebria, Pelophila, Omophron, Blethisa, Elaphrus, Diplous, Dyschirius, Asaphidion, Bembidion, Tachys, Perileptus, Lasiotrechus, Elaphius, Masuzoa, Thalassophilus, Agonum, Loxoncus, Stenolophus, Dicheirotrichus, Anthracus, Demetrias, Phylorhizus, Apristus, Brachinus, etc.
4(3). Metacoxae attain epipleura of elytra, so that metepimer does not contact ventrite 1 on the sides; antennae bare, without recumbent pubescence, with only few setae . . . Trachypachidae (Table ???)
Trachypachys zettestedti (Gyllenhal, 1827) is distributed in North-Eastern Europe (including Fennoscandia), in Siberia up to Magadan, Khabarovsk and Primorskiy Krays, Sakhalin, Korea, China. Inhabits near water, feeding on springstails; larvae possibly amphibiotic.
5(2). Species of aquatic appearance, normally with swimming setae on legs, but the body without long sensitive setae; metacoxae contact epipleura of elytra; antennae always completely bare, smooth, without setae.
6(7). Metacoxae extended into large femoral plates, completely covering base of abdomen; metathorax in front of the metacoxae with transverse suture, sometimes represented by row of punctures; antennae filamentous and appear to be 10-segmented (although in reality they are 11-segmented); elytra with obvious rows of punctures; body small, streamlined not longer than 5 mm . . . Haliplidae - Crawling water beetles (Table ???39: 1, 2) (p. ???)
Forms actively swimming in water.
7(6). Metacoxae without femoral plates; transversal suture on the metathorax pronounced, elytra without regular rows of dots.
8(9). 8(9). Legs of walking type, without swimming hairs; metathorax with transverse suture . . . Amphizoidae (Table ???63: 1)
In many characters are similar with predaceous diving beetles, but legs, prothorax and coxal cavities as in ground beetles. Beetles and larvae mostly live in water although aggregate also in humid areas off riversides of mountain streams. In Asia there are 3 species one of which - Amphizoa sinica Yu et Stork, 1991 - is recorded from Kirin (North-Eastern China).
9(8). Legs with swimming hairs on tibia and tarsi, normally strongly modified for swimming.
10(11). Metathorax with transverse paracoxal suture; legs convex; hind legs when swimming move in turn; antennae 11-segmented . . . Hygrobiidae (Table 38: 1, 2)
Forms moving across the bottom. Larvae and adults are predacious, live in lentic waters of Western and Central Europe (including Odessa Region and Carpathians), rare - Hydrobia hermanni (F., 1775) (syn. tarda Herbst, 1779) reddish brown tubby, convex beetles (8.5-10 mm) scutum, large serrated spot on each elytrum and underside are black. Head not retracted into pronotum with strongly convex rounded eyes. In their habitus reminiscent of representatives of fam. Dytiscidae. Elytra on underside with stridulation apparatus used to make rattling sound. Larvae fusiform, slightly hump-shaped; their last abdominal segment with long process and two urogomphi of the same length; thoracic and 3 abdominal sternites bear gill filaments; legs with swimming hairs and 2 claws; mandibles without hollow for sucking and without denticulate protrusion. Feed on oligochaetes and small crustaceans.
11(10). Metathorax without transverse paracoxal suture; eyes do not project from the smooth contour of the head; hind legs during swimming move simultaneously.
12(13). Eyes divided completely by edge of head; antennae very short and thick with very large antennomere 2; forelegs raptorial, much longer than short and wide swimming legs, mid and hind; abdomen with 7 ventrites (of which 1st and 2nd became fused without suture), ventrite 8 sometimes visible from under the 7th. . . . Gyrinidae - Whirligig beetles (Table 60) (p. ???)
Forms actively swimming, frequently near water surface.
13(12). Eyes not divided or incompletely divided; antennae long, filamentous or seta-shaped, sometimes fusiform or clavate, 11-segmented with normally developed antennomere 2; mid and hind legs are longer than forelegs; abdomen with 6 ventrites; actively swimming in water.
14(15). Dorsum strongly convex, underside flattened; metepisterna do not reach mesocoxae considerably; mesepisterna are not distinct; body is not longer than 5 mm. . . . Noteridae - Noterids (syn. Phreatodytidae) (Table 55) (p. ???)
Lentic, slightly swampy water bodies.
15(14). Dorsum is slightly more convex or not more convex than underside; metepisterna reach or nearly reach mesocoxae; mesepisterna distinct; body sizes diverse . . . Dytiscidae - Predaceous diving beetles (Table ???) (p. ???)
Actively swimming forms in freshwaters and brackish waters.
16(1). Abdomen with 5-7 ventrites, part of these may be fused (though with visible sutures), but ventrite 1 is not divided by metacoxae and is never fused with metathorax, although sometimes its middle is covered by lobes of long metacoxae; combination of other characters is different.
17(22). Prothorax with notable notopleural sutures between propleura and hypomeres protruding outside; body very small (0.5-1.5mm); tarsi 3-4-segmented . . . suborder Myxophaga
18(19). Elytra shortened, leave exposed abdominal apex; antennae 9-segmented with large last segment; body moderately concave; tarsi 3-segmented. Approximately 1.5 mm . . . Hydroscaphidae (Table 1: 3)
Adults and larvae in mountain streams on filamentous algae in Western Europe, Transcaucasia, in Taiwan and possible in the south of the Russian Far East (Genus Hydroscapha Leconte, 1874).
19(18). Elytra not shortened, cover abdomen completely; antennae 11-segmented; body strongly convex.
20(21). Antennae with 3-segmented club and narrow antennomeres of flagellum; procoxae are brought together and distance between mesocoxae is more than three-times wider than between procoxae; tibiae extended towards apices; tarsi 3-segmented. 0.50-0.75 mm. . . . Microsporidae ( (Table ???1: 4, 5) )
Microsporus obsidianus Kolenati, 1846 (syn. acaroides Waltl, 1838) inhabits sand, mud, beneath stones, among plant roots, in moss, in litter at edges of water bodies in the south of Eastern Europe, and also in Central and South Europe and in Turkey.
21(20). Antennae with segments extending toward the apex nearly evenly; procoxae as widely separated from each other as mesocoxae; tibiae moderately narrow; tarsi 4-segmented.1.4-1.7 mm . . . Torridincolidae (Table 38: 9-13)
Adult beetles and larvae on wet stones, washed by water and covered by mucus - algophages - species of the genus Satonius Endroedy-Younga, 1997 have been noted in the north of Honshu in Japan, and also in provinces Anhwei and Fujian (eastern China).
22(17). Prothorax without notopleural sutures, or with protruding propleura in the form of an open slit; body varied; when small, notopleural sutures are absent; tarsi 4-5-segmented. . . . suborder Polyphaga
23(54). All tarsi 5-5-5, less frequently 4-4-4, but in the latter cases segments constituting them are simple; antennae diverse, but head never with rostrum.
24(35). Maxillary palpi longer than antennae or of approximately the same length; antennae clavate, 6-9 segmented, with long main segment and 3-5 segmented finely setose club; mid and hind legs swimming.
25(26). Abdomen with 6-7 ventrites; antennae 9-segmented, with 5 segmented setose club; body usually small and elongated . . . Hydraenidae - Hydraenids (Table ???) (p. ???)
Beetles slowly moving in water or along strands of water bodies, feeding on algae.
26(25). Abdomen with 5 ventrites; antennae normally 9-segmented, less frequently 7-8-segmented with 3 segmented elongated club, covered with fine setae (when antennae are 7-segmented), although seem to be 6-segmented, the club is 4-segmented and only scapus remains without pubescence; body is varied, more frequently oval and not very small. Inhabit different (aquatic and humid terrestrial) conditions, frequently swim in water.
27(28). Antennae seem to be 6-segmented (actually they are 7-segmented) with haired 5 last antennomeres (antennomere 1 only is not pubescent); body of moderate size (5.7-7.0 mm); anterior edge of the head with wide cavity . . . Spercheidae (Table ???)
Spercheus emarginatus (Schaller, 1783) body brown to nearly black, its maximum width is at the middle of elytra; anterior margin of the forehead with angular cavity in male and with rounded cavity in female. Beetles are normally covered with layer of ground. Occurs in Russia nearly everywhere. Northern and Central Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Middle Asia, North America. In strands and in shallow lentic and slowly running water bodies with rich vegetation normally near plant roots.
28(27). Antennae 7-9-segmented (never appear to be 6-segmented), only with 3 last antennomeres haired; body sizes different; anterior edge of the head straight or with weak narrow cavity.
29(30). Procoxae widely separated, fused with trochanter, submerged into strongly reduced prothorax, their depressions are closed behind; scutellum very small, hardly visible; body small (1.1-2.1 mm) and very compact (squat and convex), black; pronotum and elytra with very coarse knobby sculpture; longitudinal rows of punctures are pronounced on elytra . . . Georissidae (Table ???)
Adults and larvae in silt and mud on strands, in Russia and adjacent territories five species that are difficult to distinguish belonging to the genus Geroissus Latreille, 1809.
30(29). Procoxae at most moderately separated, but not fused with trochantin and not submerged into moderately developed prothorax; scutellum moderately developed; body normally larger, but its sculpture is less coarse.
31(32). Procoxal cavities distinctly closed behind; body elongated and strongly narrowed at the base of the pronotum and elytra; pronotum is nearly wider than longer . . . Hydrochidae (Table ???)
32(33). Procoxal cavities not closed behind; body as a rule oval, or, when elongated and narrowed at the base of pronotum and elytra, pronotum is distinctly transverse.
33(34). Pronotum with distinct longitudinal grooves; body evenly outlined and somewhat narrowed at pronotal and elytral base . . . Helophoridae (Table ???) (p.???)
34(33). Pronotum without longitudinal grooves; body with smooth outlines and only rarely slightly narrowed at the base of pronotum and elytra . . . Hydrophilidae - Water scavenger beetles (Table ???) (p. ???)
35(24). Maxillary palpi much shorter than antennae or, if longer, antennae have different structure and with different number of segments; mid and hind legs non-swimming.
36(37). Body elongated with normally strongly moveable abdomen with 6-7 ventrites and is capable of freely bending upwards and downwards; elytra in nearly all of them relatively shortened, normally leaving 4-6 distal tergites of abdomen uncovered; antennae are mostly filamentous or bead-shaped, less frequently thickening or clavate . . . Staphylinidae - Rove beetles ( Table 1: 6, 7)
Among the most numerous groups of beetles with diverse bionomy, including many forms, common along strands, inhabiting mud at water edge, on vegetation projecting from water or on half-immersed plant remains; of the genera Lesta, Deleaster, Ancyrophorus, Carpelinus, Planeustomus, Bledius, Stenus, Dianous, Paederus, Scopaeus, Lathrobium, Achenium, Platyprosopus, Philonthus, Gabrius, Erichsonius, Neobisnius, Quedius, Acylophorus, Atanygnathus, Deinopsis, Gymnusa, Mallaena, Pronomaea, Hygronoma, Falagria, Tachyusa, Gnypeta, Brachyusa, Tomoglossa, Atheta, Alianta, Calodera, Tetralaucopora, Ocalea, Deubelia, Ocyusa, Hygropora, Devia, Aleochara, etc.
37(36). Body more frequently oval and compact or when somewhat elongated combination of other characters is different: abdomen consists at most of 5 immovable or slightly moveable ventrites (only in the majority of Psephenidae there are 6-7 extremely wide ventrites); elytra are never shortened.
38(39). Tarsi 4-4-4; body of moderate sizes (3.0-7.5 mm), moderately elongated somewhat convex, brown with pattern on dorsal sclerites; puncture pattern of the upper part is delicate and dispersed; antennae with 3-5-segmented club . . . Heteroceridae - Variegated mud-loving beetles (Table ???) (p. ???)
Inhabit in crevices, holes in mud, litter along strands.
39(38). Tarsi 5-5-5 (sometimes tarsomere 4 lies in cavity of 3rd and tarsi appear to be 4-4-4: Ptilodactylidae).
40(41). Body elongated and flattened from above, dark with light pronotum, and sometimes also with scutellum; bases of antennae are brought together closely; pronotum partly covers head with very large eyes and its posterior angles are distinctly retracted backwards; elytra soft, with confused puncture pattern; abdomen of both sexes with fluorescing organs on the last segments; tarsi with moderately long last segment . . . Lampyridae - Fireflies ( Table 1: 8, 9)
Adult beetles near water bodies and larvae of at least a few species of genus Luciola Castelneau, 1833 (L. cruciata Motschulsky, 1854; L. lateralis Motschulsky, 1860; L. mongolica Motschulsky, 1800) are predators preying also on gastropod molluscs at shallow depth near water edge.
41(40). Body unicolourous and, when elongated, never flattened from above and when head not visible from above it is bent downwards or retracted into prothoracic segment; bases of antennae not brought together or brought together slightly; fluorescing organs never developed; combination of other characters different.
42(43). Body streamlined, drop-shaped, equally convex dorsally and ventrally; head strongly retracted into prothoracic segment, so that mouthparts and 10-segmented antennae are covered by protruding part of prothorax . . . Limnichidae - Minute marsh-loving beetles (Table ???) (p. ???)
aquatic and strand forms.
43(42). Body elongated or, if oval, not drop-shaped and not evenly convex dorsally and ventrally, more or less flattened (especially ventrally); head not retracted or slightly retracted into prothoracic segment, so that mouthparts and antennae are not completely covered or are not covered by protruding part of prothorax.
44(47). Body strongly sclerotized, roughly sculptured with longitudinal keels and rows of punctures; antennae short, ear-shaped or clavate with at least inflated last segment; prothorax long with a small collar covering base of head, and with wide intercoxal process.
45(46). Legs moderately long normally with long tarsi; trochantin of procoxae is visible from outwards; antennae ear-shaped . . . Dryopidae (Table ???) (p. ???)
Forms, crawling along substrate, sometimes on plants or beneath stones.
46(45). Legs very long, with elongated tarsi, particularly long last segment; trochantin of forecoxae concealed; antennae non-ear-shaped . . . Elmidae (Table ???) (p. ???)
Terrestrial or aquatic forms, sometimes going out of water.
47(44). Body weakly or moderately sclerotized, finely sculptured, with small dots; elytra without longitudinal rows of punctures or keels, sometimes with longitudinal rows of small punctures or with 5 thin longitudinal grooves; antennae filamentous, crest-shaped or with indistinct club of separated segments; prothorax very short, without collar and with narrow intercoxal process.
48(49). Elytra strongly dilated backwards; if moderately dilated, have 5 longitudinal grooves on each elytron; head not bent or moderately bent downwards; abdomen with 6-7 ventrites (in Eubria Germar, 1818 - with 5), transverse; femora always narrow; tibia with weak or not developed spurs; all tarsomeres narrow and simple, normally elongated, but tarsomere 1 longer than three subsequent taken together (in Eubria tarsomere 1 not shorter than 4 subsequent ones taken together) . . . Psephenidae
Eubria palustris Germar, 1818 (Table 1: 10) - rare in Europe, adults inhabit near water and swamp vegetation, and larvae on submerged vegetation; adults of other species out of water, larvae near stones of quickly running rivers; Metaeopsephus coreanicus Deleve, 1967 (Table 1: 11-14) (Primorskiy Kray) and also more than 30 species in adjacent countries of the Palearctic subregion with subtropical climate (China, Korea and Japan)
49(48). Elytra not dilated or slightly dilated backwards with diffuse puncturation, without longitudinal grooves or at most with longitudinal rows of fine puncture; abdomen with 5 ventrites, elongated.
50(51). Protarsi very short nearly three times as short as tibia; metacoxae are closed medially; sternonotal suture of prothorax not completely fused and its process is relatively wide; mentum large and nearly completely covers mouthparts . . . Decliniidae
Declinia relicta Nikitsky, Lawrence, Kirejtshuk et Gratshev, 1989 (Table ????) - 3.5-5.5 mm. Body rufous brown with relatively darkened upper part (up to black); elytra with confused dotted pattern; antennomeres 6-11 slightly flattened triangularly dilated. 2nd species described from Honshu. Mode of life is apparently similar to that of Scirtids.
51(50). Protarsi long or moderately short, but less three times are shorter than tibia; hind coxae are narrowly though distinctly set apart; sternonotal suture of prothorax completely fused, its process very narrow; mentum small and does not cover mouthparts.
52(53). Antennae longer, reach beyond the middle of elytra; femora in jumping forms very thick; tibia with relatively strongly developed spurs, all tarsomeres simple and tarsomeres 1-4 with weak lobes; head hypognathous and retracted into prothoracic segment . . . Ptilodactylidae (Table ????)
Beetles of average and relatively large sizes, Occur outside water bodies and larvae are amphibiotic or inhabit strongly moisturised decaying substrates including litter along stream strands. Two species are indicated for Kurile Islands: Drupeus vittipennis Lewis, 1895 and Pseudoepilicha niponnicus (Lewis, 1895). More than 20 species are noted from Japan, Korea, and China.
53(52). Antennae short, do not reach the middle of elytra; femora in jumping forms very thick; tibia with relatively strongly developed spurs; tarsomere 1 relatively large, thicker than 2nd, 3rd and 5th, longer than 3 subsequent ones taken together (on the hind legs frequently longer than 4 subsequent ones taken together), only the 4th one is lobed; head is strongly bent downwards . . . Scirtidae - Marsh beetles (syn. Helodidae) (Table ???) (p. ???)
Inhabit vegetation near water bodies.
54(23). All tarsi 4-4-4 (or false five-segmented), with 2-lobed tarsomere 3; antennae filamentous or when clavate at the same time are also geniculate and head is with rostrum; forms inhabiting near water bodies.
55(56). Head without rostrum; antennae not geniculate and without club, filamentous or beadlike; body naked, elytra with epipleura and normally with dotted grooves or rows of dots . . . Chrysomelidaе - Leaf beetles, subfamily Donaciinae (Table ???) (p. ???)
56(55). Head with rostrum; antennae geniculate and clavate; body normally covered by squamae, elytra withoung distinct epipleura and frequently have diffuse puncturation.
57(58). Body small: 1.5-3 mm, relatively rounded; antennae geniculate, with loose elongate 3-segmented club, nearly equal in length to 5-segmented flagellum; trochanters long, widely separate femal base and coxa; procoxae close to the anterior edge of prothorax; scutellum not visible; elytra with punctured grooves; body without scales in relatively dense light pubescence, light brown to black . . . Apionidae, subfam. Nanophyinae (Table ???)
On near water plants. In Russia approximately 20 species, larvae and pupae in fruit and galls mostly on Lythraceae, one species (Nanophyes japonicus Roelofs, 1879) in the south of the Far East on Trapa spp.
58(57). Sizes: 1.5 to 15 mm; antennal club relatively compact, indistinctly 4 segmented or non-segmented, flagelli 7-segmented, less frequently 6-segmented (5-segmented in species of the genus Gymnetron of the family Curculionidae); trochanters thin, do not separate femur from coxa completely.
59(60). Body elongated, fusiform, with very dense integument; without scales, 7-15 mm in length; rostrum slightly shorter than pronotum; weakly curved, strongly and sharply dilated and thickened in its major part, antennae attached on the underside of dilated part of rostrum, their base not visible from above, covered with dilation of rostrum; scape (elongated 1st segment) of antennae long directed beneath eyes, their apex reaches far behind posterior edge; antennal Club very compact, non-segmented, major part of club shining, bare; short apical part dull, blunt-coned or elongate . . . Dryophthoridae, subfam. Sphenophoridae (Table ????)
Adult beetles feed on plants and frequently occur on strands. Larvae and pupae in rootstock of reed, cat's-tail and rush. In the south of Russia 4 species of the genus Sphenophorus Schoenherr, 1838.
60(59). Body of varied shape normally not large, up to 7 mm, frequently with relatively dense, sometimes continuous scale cover; rostrum without sharp nodular extension at the base; antennae normally attached on dorsum of rostrum, their base is relatively remote from eyes; lateral surface of rostrum with distinct groove for insertion of scape, its apex not reaching behind posterior margins of eye; club of antennae normally distinctly segmented or, if its base shining and bare, is distinctly different from pubescent apical part (in Eubrychius velutus Beck, 1817) apex of scape does not reach eyes; body is very short and strongly convex in continuous cover of light scales; rostrum thick and short, pronotum with lateral tubercles and 2 denticles on the antrior edge . . . Curculionidae (Table ???)