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Igor Ya. Pavlinov. 2018.
Foundations of biological systematics: history and theory [a fragmentary translation].
Archives of Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, vol. 55. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press. 2018. 786 pp.
ISSN 1025-532
ISBN 978-5-6040749-9-2
Preprint - April 2018.
English-translated (by myself) extractions of some of its principal fragments are available from ResGate
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324360892_Foundations_of_biological_systematics_history_and_theory_a_fragmentary_translation)
and in PDF-format: pavlinov_2018_foundations_of_biological_systematics-history_and_theory_eng.pdf
Those who might wish to have its "hard-copy", can order it from KMK Sci Press using URL
http://avtor-kmk.ru/pages/zakaz.php?id=744.
Unfortunately, this publishing has still no English version of its web-site,
as it is basically Russian-oriented. Probably, this problem will be resolved in a while.
However, if someone wish decisively to have that cope right now, please write me
(igor_pavlinov@zmmu.msu.ru), I'll do my best to help you.
CONTENTS* [* By "+" are marked those parts of the book, which are included in the present translation. IYP] [[From web-editor. Possible errors, spaces omissions and gaps vertical alignment - the consequences of incorrect work programs for converting of the PDF-format in TXT-format]] +Foreword ............................................................................................... 13 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 18 +SECTION I. INTRODUCTORY ................................................................ 19 +Chapter 1. Subject and structure of biological systematics ...................... 21 +SECTION II. HISTORICAL ................................................................... 27 +Chapter 2. Conceptual history of systematics ............................................ 29 2.1. Content of conceptual history ................................................................. 30 2.2. History of systematics as a process ............................................................ 33 2.3. Principal stages ........................................................................................ 40 Chapter 3. Prehistory of systematics ............................................................. 45 3.1. Folk-systematics .................................................................................... 45 3.2. Proto-systematics ................................................................................... 53 3.2.1. Antiquity: birth of the Method ........................................................... 53 3.2.2. Scholasticism as a forerunner ............................................................ 60 3.2.3. Renaissance: the Herbal epoch .......................................................... 67 Chapter 4. Beginning of scientific systematics ............................................. 75 4.1. Scholastic systematics ............................................................................ 76 4.1.1. Systematics and the Method .............................................................. 77 4.1.2. First stage: mastering of the Method .................................................. 83 4.1.3. Completion of the scholastic systematics .......................................... 90 4.2. Post-scholastic systematics: early versions ............................................. 98 4.2.1. "Non-Linnaean" motives ................................................................... 98 4.2.2. Basic controversy: discreteness vs. continuty .................................. 194 4.2.3. Taxonomic "esoterics" ..................................................................... 115 4.2.3.1. Nature as an incarnation of Idea ................................................. 116 4.2.3.2. Organicism .................................................................................. 118 4.2.3.3. Numerology ................................................................................ 119 4.2.4. Origin of typology ............................................................................ 121 4.2.4.1. Stationary typology ..................................................................... 123 4.2.4.2. Dynamic typology ...................................................................... 126 4.2.4.3. Epigenetic typology ................................................................... 127 4.2.5. Shaping of "natural systematics" ..................................................... 129 4.2.6. Mastering of the evolutionary concept ............................................. 134 4.2.6.1. Earlier attempts ........................................................................... 137 4.2.6.2. Classificatory darwinism ............................................................ 4.2.6.3. Systematic phylogeny ................................................................. 142 4.2.6.4. First debates ................................................................................ 147 4.2.6.5. Evolution and homology ............................................................ 151 Chapter 5. The 20th century: growing dynamism ..................................... 153 5.1. Responses to new challenges ................................................................. 155 5.2. Aspects of empiricism ........................................................................... 161 5.3. Further rationalization ............................................................................. 162 5.4. Renovation of typology .......................................................................... 167 5.5. Development of evolutionary systematics ................................................ 170 5.6. Shaping of the "species problem" ........................................................ 176 +SECTION III. THEORETICAL .............................................................. 179 Chapter 6. Cognitive situation ..................................................................... 183 6.1. Basic components ................................................................................... 184 6.2. Conceptual carcass ................................................................................. 186 6.3. Onto-epistemic correspondence ............................................................ 190 6.4. Ontological component ............................................................................. 193 6.4.1. Umgebung vs. Umwelt .................................................................... 194 6.4.2. Ontological gap ................................................................................ 198 6.4.3. Objects and aspects .......................................................................... 200 6.4.4. Taxonomic reality ............................................................................. 202 6.4.5. Ontology of taxon and meron .......................................................... 206 6.5. Epistemological component ..................................................................... 210 6.5.1. Principle of scientificity .............................................................. 6.5.2. Logical foundations ......................................................................... 218 6.5.3. Basic argumentation schemes .......................................................... 226 6.5.3.1. Inductive scheme ........................................................................ 226 6.5.3.2. Deductive scheme ....................................................................... 228 6.5.3.3. Hypothetico-deductive scheme ................................................... 229 6.5.4. Methodologies and methods ............................................................ 233 6.5.4.1. Scientific status of method .......................................................... 235 6.5.4.2. Basic methods ............................................................................. 241 6.5.5. Taxonomic hypothesis ...................................................................... 253 6.6. Subjective component ......................................................................... 258 Chapter 7. Principal scientific categories (as applied to systematics) ..................... 267 7.1. Nominalism vs. realism ..................................................................... 268 7.2. Empiricism ....................................................................................... 271 7.3. Conceptualism .................................................................................. 275 7.4. Rationalism ........................................................................................ 278 7.5. Essentialism ............................................................................................ 287 7.6. Reductionism ......................................................................................... 291 7.7. Representism ............................................................................................ 293 7.8. Objectivity vs. subjectivity ...................................................................... 298 7.9. Determinism vs. indeterminism ............................................................... 302 7.10. Monism vs. pluralism ............................................................................ 308 +Chapter 8. Taxonomic theory as a quasi-axiomatics ................................ 315 8.1. General notes ........................................................................................... 315 8.2. Content and structure of taxonomic theory............................................ 320 8.2.1. General taxonomic theory ................................................................ 322 8.2.2. Partial taxonomic theories ................................................................ 326 Chapter 9. Principal concepts and notions of systematics .......................... 330 9.1.Modesand problems of definitions .......................................................... 9.2.Classificatory (taxonomic) system ........................................................... 336 9.2.1. Definition and basic parameters ............................................................ 338 9.2.2. General characteristics .......................................................................... 342 9.2.3. Hierarchy and ranks .............................................................................. 361 9.2.4. Non-hierarchic systems .................................................................... 389 9.2.5. Elaboration of taxonomic system ..................................................... 393 9.2.6. Modes of representation ........................................................................ 397 9.2.7. Identification keys ................................................................................. 401 9.3. Taxon ........................................................................................................ 407 9.3.1. Basic characteristics .............................................................................. 415 9.3.2. Species .................................................................................................. 420 9.3.3. Supraspecies taxa .................................................................................. 442 9.4. (Arche)type ............................................................................................ 446 9.5. Taxonomic relations ................................................................................. 458 9.5.1. Similarity .............................................................................................. 462 9.5.2. Kinship .................................................................................................. 469 9.6. Meronomic units and relations ................................................................ 475 9.6.1. Homology ............................................................................................. 478 9.6.2. Character ............................................................................................... 498 9.6.3. Weighting .............................................................................................. 511 9.7. Taxon-character correspondence ........................................................... 519 +Chapter 10. Principal research programs in systematics ...................... 521 10.1. Review of principal programms ........................................................... 522 10.2. Phenetic systematics ................................................................................ 528 10.3. Numerical systematics ........................................................................... 537 10.3.1. Numerical phenetics ........................................................................... 547 10.3.2. Numerical phyletics ........................................................................... 550 10.4. "Natural systematics" ............................................................................ 556 10.5. Typological systematics ......................................................................... 558 10.5.1. Classificatory typology ................................................................... 560 10.5.2. Epigenetic typology ........................................................................ 562 10.5.3. Evolutionary typology .................................................................... 564 10.5.4. Empirical typology ......................................................................... 566 10.6. Biomorphics ........................................................................................... 568 10.7. Rational systematics .............................................................................. 572 10.7.1. Epistemological rationality .......................................................... 573 10.7.2. Ontological rationality ................................................................. 576 10.8. Evolutionary (sensu lato) systematics ............................................... 580 10.8.1. Population(bio)systematics ......................................................... 587 10.8.2. Cladistics ..................................................................................... 591 10.8.3. Evolutionary taxonomy ............................................................... 605 +SECTION IV. NOMENCLATORIAL ................................................... 611 Chapter 11. A brief history ........................................................................... 613 11.1. From empiricism to essencialism ......................................................... 614 11.2. Strengthening of nominalism ............................................................... 619 11.3. Conceptualization of nomenclature ....................................................... 624 Chapter 12. Elements of a theory of nomenclature ................................... 627 12.1. Taxonomic theory and nomenclature .................................................. 627 12.2. Basic thesaurus ..................................................................................... 632 12.1.1. Nomenclatorial objects and designators ........................................ 632 12.1.2. Nomenclatorial activity and its regulators ..................................... 636 12.3. Basic concepts of nomenclature ............................................................ 637 12.4. Basic principles of nomenclature ...................................................... 639 12.4.1. Regulative principles ................................................................... 639 12.4.2. Cognitive principles ..................................................................... 641 12.4.3. Linguistic principles .................................................................... 643 12.4.4. Juridical principles ....................................................................... 645 12.4.5. Taxonomic principles ................................................................... 652 12.4.6. Other principles ........................................................................... 659 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 661