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N.S. Sodhi, P. Ehrlich (eds.).
Conservation Biology for All.
Oxford University Press, 2010. 344 pp.
Contents
Dedication xi
Acknowledgements xii
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword - Georgina Mace xvii
Introduction - Navjot S. Sodhi and Paul R. Ehrlich 1
Introduction Box 1: Human population and conservation (Paul R. Ehrlich) 2
Introduction Box 2: Ecoethics (Paul R. Ehrlich) 3
1: Conservation biology: past and present - Curt Meine 7
1.1 Historical foundations of conservation biology 7
Box 1.1: Traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation (Fikret Berkes) 8
1.2 Establishing a new interdisciplinary field 12
1.3 Consolidation: conservation biology secures its niche 15
1.4 Years of growth and evolution 16
Box 1.2: Conservation in the Philippines (Mary Rose C. Posa) 19
1.5 Conservation biology: a work in progress 21
2: Biodiversity - Kevin J. Gaston 27
2.1 How much biodiversity is there? 27
2.2 How has biodiversity changed through time? 33
2.3 Where is biodiversity? 35
2.4 In conclusion 39
Box 2.1: Invaluable biodiversity inventories (Navjot S. Sodhi) 40
3: Ecosystem functions and services - Cagan H. Sekercioglu 45
3.1 Climate and the Biogeochemical Cycles 45
3.2 Regulation of the Hydrologic Cycle 48 1
3.3 Soils and Erosion 50
3.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function 51
Box 3.1: The costs of large-mammal extinctions (Robert M. Pringle) 52
Box 3.2: Carnivore conservation (Mark S. Boyce) 54
Box 3.3: Ecosystem services and agroecosystems in a landscape context (Teja Tscharntke) 55
3.5 Mobile Links 57
Box 3.4: Conservation of plant-animal mutualisms (Priya Davidar) 58
Box 3.5: Consequences of pollinator decline for the global food supply (Claire Kremen) 60
3.6 Nature's Cures versus Emerging Diseases 64
3.7 Valuing Ecosystem Services 65
4: Habitat destruction: death by a thousand cuts - William F. Laurance 73
4.1 Habitat loss and fragmentation 73
4.2 Geography of habitat loss 73
Box 4.1: The changing drivers of tropical deforestation (William F. Laurance) 75
4.3 Loss of biomes and ecosystems 76
Box 4.2: Boreal forest management: harvest, natural disturbance, and climate change - (Ian G. Warkentin) 80
4.4 Land.use intensification and abandonment 82
Box 4.3: Human impacts on marine ecosystems (Benjamin S. Halpern et al.) 83
5: Habitat fragmentation and landscape change - Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders 88
5.1 Understanding the effects of landscape change 88
5.2 Biophysical aspects of landscape change 90
5.3 Effects of landscape change on species 92
Box 5.1: Time lags and extinction debt in fragmented landscapes (Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders) 92
5.4 Effects of landscape change on communities 96
5.5 Temporal change in fragmented landscapes 99
5.6 Conservation in fragmented landscapes 99
Box 5.2: Gondwana Link: a major landscape reconnection project (Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders) 101
Box 5.3: Rewilding (Paul R. Ehrlich) 102
6: Overharvesting - Carlos A. Peres 107
6.1 A brief history of exploitation 108
6.2 Overexploitation in tropical forests 110
6.3 Overexploitation in aquatic ecosystems 113
6.4 Cascading effects of overexploitation on ecosystems 115
Box 6.1: The state of fisheries (Daniel Pauly) 118
6.5 Managing overexploitation 120
Box 6.2: Managing the exploitation of wildlife in tropical forests (Douglas W. Yu) 121
7: Invasive species - Daniel Simberloff 131
Box 7.1: Native invasives (Daniel Simberloff ) 131
Box 7.2: Invasive species in New Zealand (Daniel Simberloff ) 132
7.1 Invasive species impacts 133
7.2 Lag times 143
7.3 What to do about invasive species 144
8: Climate change - Thomas E. Lovejoy 153
8.1 Effects on the physical environment 153
8.2 Effects on biodiversity 154
Box 8.1: Lowland tropical biodiversity under global warming (Navjot S. Sodhi) 156
8.3 Effects on biotic interactions 158
8.4 Synergies with other biodiversity change drivers 159
8.5 Mitigation 159
Box 8.2: Derivative threats to biodiversity from climate change (Paul R. Ehrlich) 160
9: Fire and biodiversity - David M. J. S. Bowman and Brett P. Murphy 163
9.1 What is fire? 164
9.2 Evolution and fire in geological time 164
9.3 Pyrogeography 165
Box 9.1: Fire and the destruction of tropical forests (David M. J. S. Bowman and Brett P. Murphy) 167
9.4 Vegetation-climate patterns decoupled by fire 167
9.5 Humans and their use of fire 170
Box 9.2: The grass-fire cycle (David M. J. S. Bowman and Brett P. Murphy) 171
Box 9.3: Australia's giant fireweeds (David M. J. S. Bowman and Brett P. Murphy) 173
9.6 Fire and the maintenance of biodiversity 173
9.7 Climate change and fire regimes 176
10: Extinctions and the practice of preventing them - Stuart L. Pimm and Clinton N. Jenkins 181
10.1 Why species extinctions have primacy 181
Box 10.1: Population conservation (Jennifer B.H. Martiny) 182
10.2 How fast are species becoming extinct? 183
10.3 Which species become extinct? 186
10.4 Where are species becoming extinct? 187
10.5 Future extinctions 192
10.6 How does all this help prevent extinctions? 195
11: Conservation planning and priorities - Thomas Brooks 199
11.1 Global biodiversity conservation planning and priorities 199
11.2 Conservation planning and priorities on the ground 204
Box 11.1: Conservation planning for Key Biodiversity Areas in Turkey (Guven Eken et al.) 209
11.3 Coda: the completion of conservation planning 213
12: Endangered species management: the US experience - David. S. Wilcove 220
12.1 Identification 220
Box 12.1: Rare and threatened species and conservation planning in Madagascar (Claire Kremen et al.) 221
Box 12.2: Flagship species create Pride (Peter Vaughan) 223
12.2 Protection 226
12.3 Recovery 230
12.4 Incentives and disincentives 232
12.5 Limitations of endangered species programs 233
13: Conservation in human-modified landscapes - Lian Pin Koh and Toby A. Gardner 236
13.1 A history of human modification and the concept of "wild nature" 236
Box 13.1: Endocrine disruption and biological diversity (J. P. Myers) 237
13.2 Conservation in a human modified world 240
13.3 Selectively logged forests 242
13.4 Agroforestry systems 243
13.5 Tree plantations 245
Box 13.2: Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical secondary forests and exotic tree plantations (Jos Barlow) 247
13.6 Agricultural land 248
Box 13.3: Conservation in the face of oil palm expansion (Matthew Struebig, Ben Phalan, and Emily Fitzherbert) 249
Box 13.4: Countryside biogeography: harmonizing biodiversity and agriculture (Jai Ranganathan and Gretchen C. Daily) 251
13.7 Urban areas 253
13.8 Regenerating forests on degraded land 254
13.9 Conservation and human livelihoods in modified landscapes 255
13.10 Conclusion 256
14: The roles of people in conservation - C. Anne Claus, Kai M. A. Chan, and Terre Satterfield 262
14.1 A brief history of humanity's influence on ecosystems 262
14.2 A brief history of conservation 262
Box 14.1: Customary management and marine conservation (C. Anne Claus, Kai M. A. Chan, and Terre Satterfield) 264
Box 14.2: Historical ecology and conservation effectiveness in West Africa (C. Anne Claus et al.) 265
14.3 Common conservation perceptions 265
Box 14.3: Elephants, animal rights, and Campfire (Paul R. Ehrlich) 267
14.4 Factors mediating human.environment relations 269
Box 14.4: Conservation, biology, and religion (Kyle S. Van Houtan) 270
14.5 Biodiversity conservation and local resource use 273
14.6 Equity, resource rights, and conservation 275
Box 14.5: Empowering women: the Chipko movement in India (Priya Davidar) 276
14.7 Social research and conservation 278
15: From conservation theory to practice: crossing the divide - Madhu Rao and Joshua Ginsberg 284
Box 15.1: Swords into Ploughshares: reducing military demand for wildlife products (Lisa Hickey et al.) 285
Box 15.2: The World Bank and biodiversity conservation (Tony Whitten) 286
Box 15.3: The Natural Capital Project (Heather Tallis, Joshua H. Goldstein, and Gretchen C. Daily) 288
15.1 Integration of Science and Conservation Implementation 290
Box 15.4: Measuring the effectiveness of conservation spending (Matthew Linkie and Robert J. Smith) 291
15.2 Looking beyond protected areas 292
Box 15.5: From managing protected areas to conserving landscapes (Karl Didier) 293
15.3 Biodiversity and human poverty 293
Box 15.6: Bird nest protection in the Northern Plains of Cambodia (Tom Clements) 297
Box 15.7: International activities of the Missouri Botanical Garden (Peter Raven) 301
15.4 Capacity needs for practical conservation in developing countries 303
15.5 Beyond the science: reaching out for conservation 304
15.6 People making a difference: A Rare approach 305
15.7 Pride in the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, Panama 305
15.8 Outreach for policy 306
15.9 Monitoring of Biodiversity at Local and Global Scales 306
Box 15.8: Hunter self-monitoring by the Isoseno-Guaran.. in the Bolivian Chaco (Andrew Noss) 307
16: The conservation biologist's toolbox - principles for the design and analysis of conservation studies -
Corey J. A. Bradshaw and Barry W. Brook 313
16.1 Measuring and comparing Сbiodiversity' 314
Box 16.1: Cost effectiveness of biodiversity monitoring (Toby Gardner) 314
Box 16.2: Working across cultures (David Bickford) 316
16.2 Mensurative and manipulative experimental design 319
Box 16.3: Multiple working hypotheses (Corey J. A. Bradshaw and Barry W. Brook) 321
Box 16.4: Bayesian inference (Corey J. A. Bradshaw and Barry W. Brook) 324
16.3 Abundance Time Series 326
16.4 Predicting Risk 328
16.5 Genetic Principles and Tools 330
Box 16.5: Functional genetics and genomics (Noah K. Whiteman) 331
16.6 Concluding Remarks 333
Box 16.6: Useful textbook guides (Corey J. A. Bradshaw and Barry W. Brook) 334
Index 341
Foreword
2010 was named by the United Nations to be the
International Year of Biodiversity, coinciding
with major political events that set the stage for
a radical review of the way we treat our environment
and its biological riches. So far, the reports
have been dominated by reconfirmations that
people and their lifestyles continue to deplete
the earth's biodiversity. We are still vastly overspending
our natural capital and thereby depriving
future generations. If that were not bad
enough news in itself, there are no signs that
actions to date have slowed the rate of depletion.
In fact, it continues to increase, due largely to
growing levels of consumption that provide increasingly
unequal benefits to different groups of
people.
It is easy to continue to delve into the patterns
and processes that lie at the heart of the problem.
But it is critical that we also start to do everything
we can to reverse all the damaging trends. These
actions cannot and should not be just the responsibility
of governments and their agencies. It
must be the responsibility of all of us, including
scientists, wildlife managers, naturalists, and indeed
everyone who cares so that future generations
can have the same choices and the same
opportunity to marvel at and benefit from nature,
as our generation has had. We all can be involved
in actions to improve matters, and making conservation
biology relevant to and applicable by
all is therefore a key task.
It is in this context that Navjot Sodhi and Paul
Ehlrich have contributed this important book.
Covering all aspects of conservation biology
from the deleterious drivers, through to the impacts
on people, and providing tools, techniques,
and background to practical solutions, the book
provides a resource for many different people
and contexts. Written by the world's leading experts
you will find clear summaries of the latest
literature on how to decide what to do, and then
how to do it. Presented in clear and accessible
text, this book will support the work of many
people. There are different kinds of conservation
actions, at different scales, and affecting different
parts of the biosphere, all laid out clearly and
concisely.
There is something in here for everyone who is,
or wishes to be, a conservation biologist. I am
sure you will all be inspired and better informed
to do something that will improve the prospects
for all, so that in a decade or so, when the world
community next examines the biodiversity accounts,
things will definitely be taking a turn for
the better!
Georgina Mace CBE FRS
Imperial College London
18 November 2010